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Different fabrication techniques of
ceramics
Machinable
ceramics

Conventional
powder/slurry
technique

Infiltrated
ceramics
Pressable ceramics

Castable
ceramics

By RADWA EL-DESSOUKY
1.Conventional powder /slurry
technique
1.Conventional powder /slurry technique:
It is the traditional method of forming ceramic prosthesis
and consists of the following steps:
1.compounding
2.packing
3.Preheating
4.sintering
5.Surface treatments
6. Porcelain cooling

3
I. Compounding:

4
2. Packing or condensation:
The

process of bringing the particles closer and of
removing the liquid binder is known as condensation.
Dense

packing has the following benefits:

Improves

substructure of the porcelain & dispense trapped air
(Less porosity)
increase density
Less shrinkage during firing
Enhanced surface texture and strength
•Condensation

steps:

I. Build-up of Cervical Porcelain

II. Build-up of Body Porcelain

III. Cut-back

IV. Build-up of Enamel Porcelain
•Condensation methods:
1-MANUAL
CONDENSATION

2.ULTRASONIC
CONDENSATION

7
•Advantages of ultrasonic
condensation:

•Reduces the fluid content of
layered ceramics; resulting in
denser and more vibrant porcelain
mass.

•Enhances translucency and the
shade qualities of the fired ceramic.
•Shrinkage can be reduced to below
5%!
•Time-saving as it reduces the
number of compensatory firing
cycles

8
3.Pre-heating (Drying):
placing the porcelain object on a tray in front of a preheated
furnace at 650C for 5min for low fusing porcelain and at
480C for 8min for high fusing porcelains till reaching the
green or leathery state.

9
•Significance of pre-heating stage:
•Removal of excess water
allowing the porcelain object
to gain its green strength.
•Preventing sudden
production of steam that
could result in voids or
fractures.

10

Ceramic particles held
together in the “green
state” after all liquid has
been dried off
4. Sintering or firing:

• Mechanism of firing:


The voids are occupied by the atmosphere of the furnace.
 As the sintering of the particles begins, the porcelain particles
bond at their points of contact.
•The sintered glass gradually flows to fill up the air spaces.
•The particles fuse together by sintering forming a continuous
mass, this results in a decrease in volume referred to as firing
shrinkage

11
•The
•

gaps between particles become porosities.

The viscosity of the glass is low enough for it to flow due to its own

surface tension.
The result is that the porosity voids will gradually become rounded
as firing proceeds
The voids slowly rise to free surfaces and disappear

12
•Stages of porcelain maturity:
Low bisque

Medium bisque

High bisque

porcelain surface is quite
porous
porcelain grains begin to
soften and ‘lense’ at their
contact points

Pores still exist on the
surface of porcelain
The flow of glass grains is
increased. As a
result,
any
entrapped
furnace atmosphere that
could not escape via the
grain boundaries becomes
trapped and sphere shaped

minimal Shrinkage

A definite
evident

the fired porcelain body is
extremely weak or friable

13

shrinkage

smooth porcelain surface
The flow of glass grains is
further increased, thereby
completely
sealing
the
surface
and
presenting
smoothness to the porcelain.

is
The fired porcelain body is
strong and any corrections
by grinding can be made .
•Over-firing:
Due to:

•Firing at above the correct firing temperature Or;

•longer firing time

Effect;
•reduce the strength due to formation of undesirable crystal phases at higher temperature
[de-vitrification]
•increases the chances of slumping [eliminate the shape we made and leave a globule of
ceramic].

•under-firing:
•Effect;

The porcelain object will have a chalky white color overlaying its shade ,Because light is
reflected and scattered at boundaries between particles and at the surfaces of porosity

14
15
5.Checking fit on the working cast:
•The

restoration is tried back to
working cast, often proximal surfaces
need addition (correction).
•Adjustments

are made with
diamond stones and discs to treat
seating problems.
•After

reaching the desired contour,
occlusion and seating; the
restoration becomes ready for
surface treatment.

16
6. Porcelain surface treatment:

17
•Significance of Glazing:
The aim of glazing is to :
seal the open pores in the surface of fired porcelain ;
minimizing surface roughness and thus controlling
•Aesthetics
• wear
•mechanical properties
•and plaque accumulation

18
A. Natural or Auto-Glaze:
Normally, the porcelain has the
ability to glaze itself by forming a
vitrified layer on the surface of
dental porcelain ceramic
containing a glass phase

B. Applied or Add-on Glaze:
Dental over glazes are composed of clear (colorless) low fusing glass
powder, painted on the fired crown surface; and fired again.
Add-on porcelains: are generally similar to glaze porcelains except
for the addition of opacifier and color pigments .they're exclusively
used for simple corrections of tooth contour or contact points.
C. Polishing:
Advantages;
producing smoother less abrasive porcelain surfaces.
Disadvantages;
over polishing can Introduce more surface flaws and
weaken the material.

D. Custom staining (shade modification):
Stains are generally low fusing colored porcelains used
to imitate markings like enamel check lines, calcification
spots, fluoresced areas etc.
6. Porcelain cooling:
•It is necessary to cool the mixture fairly quickly.
•If it cools too slowly, crystals form within the glass body which
will degrade its optical properties, turning if from a clear glass into
a cloudy one. Devitrification.
• if it is cooled too quickly, stresses build up in the glass.
• To reduce the stresses ,it is kept near the glass transition
temperature (its solidus) for a long time so that the atoms in the
glass can rearrange just enough to relieve the stress. When most
of the stress has been eliminated, the finished glass is finally
allowed to cool to room temperature [annealing].

21
• Applications of powder/slurry system:
•These ceramics have a great amount of translucency and are
highly esthetic
• used mainly as:
1. veneering layers on stronger cores and frameworks
2. or for making PJCs.

• Examples of systems utilizing this technique:
1.IPS e.max Ceram (Ivoclar-Vivadent)
2. IPS Eris (Ivoclar-Vivadent)
3. Lava Ceram (3M ESPE)
4.Cercon ceram kiss (dentsply)
23
2. Castable ceramics

24
2. Castable ceramics
• supplied as solid ceramic ingots, which are
heat-treated under controlled conditions
(ceramming) using a lost wax and
centrifugal-casting technique.
•The best known of these systems is Dicor

25
• fabrication technique:
1.

2.

The ceramic ingot is heated at 1350 c and casted
using centrifugal casting machine.

3.

Ceramming process: the crown is heat-treated at 1075
c for 10 hours resulting in (controlled crystallization)
formation of tiny crystals that are evenly distributed
throughout the body of the glass structure enhancing
its mechanical properties.

4.

26

The die is waxed-up , invested then, burnt-out.

The final shade of the crown is applied to the surface
of the completed restoration through a complex
reaction between the porcelain and surface stains
•Advantages of DICOR:
•Highly esthetic: as mica crystals that constitute the
crystal phase closely match the index of refraction to
the surrounding glass phase.
•A one-piece restoration made entirely of the same
material and no opaque substructure exists to impede
light scattering.
•A chameleon effect i.e. the restoration acquires a
part of the color from adjacent teeth and fillings as well
as the underlying cement lute.
•Excellent marginal fit.
•Simple uncomplicated fabrication technique.
•Disadvantage of DICOR:
The surface stains may be removed after occlusal
adjustment.
3. Presssable ceramics

29
Technique

i. The die is waxed-up , invested then, placed in
specialized mold that has an aluminum plunger.

ii. The ceramic ingot is placed under the plunger, heated to
1150C and the plunger presses the molten ceramic into the
mold.
iii. The final shade of the crown is adjusted by staining or
veneering.

30
contains 35 - 45 vol % leucite as crystalline Phase
• Disadvantage:
The presence of about 9% porosity badly affects its flexural strength ,limiting
its use to single unit complete-coverage restorations in the anterior region.

 

Contain 65 vol % lithium disilicate as the main crystalline phase
ADVANTAGE:
it has a much higher flexural strength than that of IPS Empress which makes
it suitable for the usage for fabrication of 3-unit FPDs in the anterior
region, and can extend to the second premolar , due to;
•The final microstructure
consists of highly interlocked
lithium disilicate crystals
contributing to strengthening
•About 1% porosity

•Introduced in 2005.
•Considered as an enhanced lithium disilicate press-ceramic
material when compared to Empress II.
•Better physical properties and improved esthetics
32
33
•

Fabrication technique of IPS e.max:

1. Wax contouring

The die is waxed-up to full
anatomical contour

After waxing-up to full
contour, the incisal third of
labial surface is cut-back

2. sprueing

34

The die is waxed-up to minimal
thickness just to support the
tooth shape
3. investing

4. Preheating
The investment ring with the waxed-up die is preheated

35
5. Pressing

The hot completed investment
ring is placed in the hot press
furnace

36
6. After cooling and divesting:

7. finshing
37
I. Staining
technique

The stain paste is mixed with the glaze, applied to the framework
and then, fired
II. Cut-back
technique

The veneering technique of
frameworks is performed with
aid of silicon index

39
III. Layering
technique

1. 1st Dentin build-up

40

2. 1st Dentin firing cycle

3. compensatory
Dentin build-up
technique

• A standard die is scanned
using
a
mechanical
scanning device and a
computer that turns the
shape of the die into
digitized data.

•The data is then used to fabricate an oversized die [to compensate
for sintering shrinkage ].
•Aluminium oxide powder is compacted onto the enlarged die under
high pressure and then sintered at temperatures above 16000C to full
density thus shrinking it to the correct size and creating a hard core.
• feldspathic porcelain veneer can be applied

41
4.Infilterated Ceramics
IN-CERAM

42
•VITA IN-CERAM , Zahnfabrik :
supplied as one of the three core ceramics:
1.In-ceram alumina (70 vol % alumina)
2.In-ceram spinnel (contains a mixture of magnesia and
alumina)
3.In-ceram Zirconia (34 vol % alumina +
33 vol % of ceria-stabilized Zirconia)
•Definition:

A porous infrastructure is produced by slip-casting,
sintered, and later infiltrated with a lanthanum-based
glass, producing two interpenetrating continuous
networks, one composed of the glassy phase and the
other being the crystalline infrastructure.
Fabrication
technique

1. Die preparation

2. Mixing aluminous powder with
water to produce slip

The water is removed by
the capillary action of the
porous gypsum, which
packs the particles into a
rigid porous network
3. The slip is painted onto
the die with a brush.

4. sintering
5. lanthanum alumino-silicate
glass is used to fill the pores in
the alumina core.

7. Removal of excess glass

6. The glass becomes molten and
flows into the pores by capillary
diffusion.

8. Veneering with esthetic
veneer [VITA VM7]
5.Machinable ceramics
I. Manually Controlled System or Manual-aided
Design/Manual-aided Manufacturing (MAD/MAM) Method:
The best-known manual system in the UK is Celay.

Referred to as copy milling, this method is based on the
pantographic principle that was used when making
duplicate keys
II. CAD/CAM
Computer-aided Design/Computer-aided Manufacturing
•CAD-CAM SYSTEMS:
They are the systems utilizing a process chain
consisting of scanning, designing and milling
phases.

• Components

technology :

of CAD-CAM

1.Scanner = Digitizer
2. CAD Unit = Soft ware
3. CAM Unit = production
A. Scanner:
•Function: transform geometry of receptor unit (tooth) into
digital data that can be processed by a computer.
1. Mechanical Scanners:
•Used in: Procera. Scanner, by Nobel Biocare
•Technique:

contact probe with ruby ball at its end maps entire
cast preparation surface line – by - line
• Advantage:

precise but, Less accurate than newer optical
scanning systems.
•Disadvantages:
1. Take long time to scan.

2. expensive.
•Idea:
2.Optical scanners:

Triangulation Procedures: Source of light (white, colored
light or laser) + receptor unit are in a definite angle to one
another  through this angle, computer can calculate 3D
data from image on receptor unit.

•Types:
1.Chair-side: fabricate restoration
at chair.
2. Non-chair side: fabricate
restoration in Lab.
B. CAD Software:
design the restoration to fit the preparation:
margins,
connectors,
core thickness,
cement gap (internal relief).
C. CAM Unit (Production device):
• Function:

transform "digital data" to a "product”

•Types: Acc. To No. of milling axes:
3- axis milling device: move in 3- spatial direction (X,Y,Z).

4- axis milling device: more in 3-septial direction + rotatable tension bridge (4 th

axis).

5- axis milling device: move in 3- spatial direction + rotatable tension bridge (4th) +
rotating milling spindle (5th axis).
Acc ton milling environment:
•Dry milling:  it is done for zirconium oxide low degree of pre-sintering, to avoid
moisture absorption  avoid drying time of zirconium before sintering.
•Wet milling  it is done for metals, composite, silica-based ceramics, zirconium
oxide with high degree of pre-sintering.
• Milling strategies:
I- Subtractive Technique from a Solid Block :
•The restoration is cut to contour out of a prefabricated, solid block.
•This technique is used in:
DCS , Cercon and Lava systems
Disadvantage: can create complete shapes effectively, but at the expense of
material being wasted. Approximately 90 percent of a prefabricated block is
removed to create a typical dental restoration.

II- Additive Technique by Applying Material on a Die
•The framework material is applied on a die of a prepared tooth.
•This technique is used in: Procera
iii. Solid free form fabrication
•This category includes new technologies originating from the
area of rapid prototyping.
•This technique is used in:
•
•Wax Pro 50 :applies the wax plotter technique, which
works according to the ink jet principle.
•Production Concepts
(1) Chair side production:

•Advantages:
i.Save time  only are visit instead of two.
ii.Avoid worrying about improper handling by lab
(2) Laboratory production: Dentist scan preparation and design
restoration then send it to laboratory technician who will mill the
restoration.
Different  fabrication techniques of ceramics
Different  fabrication techniques of ceramics
Different  fabrication techniques of ceramics
Different  fabrication techniques of ceramics
Different  fabrication techniques of ceramics

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Different fabrication techniques of ceramics

  • 1. Different fabrication techniques of ceramics Machinable ceramics Conventional powder/slurry technique Infiltrated ceramics Pressable ceramics Castable ceramics By RADWA EL-DESSOUKY
  • 3. 1.Conventional powder /slurry technique: It is the traditional method of forming ceramic prosthesis and consists of the following steps: 1.compounding 2.packing 3.Preheating 4.sintering 5.Surface treatments 6. Porcelain cooling 3
  • 5. 2. Packing or condensation: The process of bringing the particles closer and of removing the liquid binder is known as condensation. Dense packing has the following benefits: Improves substructure of the porcelain & dispense trapped air (Less porosity) increase density Less shrinkage during firing Enhanced surface texture and strength
  • 6. •Condensation steps: I. Build-up of Cervical Porcelain II. Build-up of Body Porcelain III. Cut-back IV. Build-up of Enamel Porcelain
  • 8. •Advantages of ultrasonic condensation: •Reduces the fluid content of layered ceramics; resulting in denser and more vibrant porcelain mass. •Enhances translucency and the shade qualities of the fired ceramic. •Shrinkage can be reduced to below 5%! •Time-saving as it reduces the number of compensatory firing cycles 8
  • 9. 3.Pre-heating (Drying): placing the porcelain object on a tray in front of a preheated furnace at 650C for 5min for low fusing porcelain and at 480C for 8min for high fusing porcelains till reaching the green or leathery state. 9
  • 10. •Significance of pre-heating stage: •Removal of excess water allowing the porcelain object to gain its green strength. •Preventing sudden production of steam that could result in voids or fractures. 10 Ceramic particles held together in the “green state” after all liquid has been dried off
  • 11. 4. Sintering or firing: • Mechanism of firing:  The voids are occupied by the atmosphere of the furnace.  As the sintering of the particles begins, the porcelain particles bond at their points of contact. •The sintered glass gradually flows to fill up the air spaces. •The particles fuse together by sintering forming a continuous mass, this results in a decrease in volume referred to as firing shrinkage 11
  • 12. •The • gaps between particles become porosities. The viscosity of the glass is low enough for it to flow due to its own surface tension. The result is that the porosity voids will gradually become rounded as firing proceeds The voids slowly rise to free surfaces and disappear 12
  • 13. •Stages of porcelain maturity: Low bisque Medium bisque High bisque porcelain surface is quite porous porcelain grains begin to soften and ‘lense’ at their contact points Pores still exist on the surface of porcelain The flow of glass grains is increased. As a result, any entrapped furnace atmosphere that could not escape via the grain boundaries becomes trapped and sphere shaped minimal Shrinkage A definite evident the fired porcelain body is extremely weak or friable 13 shrinkage smooth porcelain surface The flow of glass grains is further increased, thereby completely sealing the surface and presenting smoothness to the porcelain. is The fired porcelain body is strong and any corrections by grinding can be made .
  • 14. •Over-firing: Due to: •Firing at above the correct firing temperature Or; •longer firing time Effect; •reduce the strength due to formation of undesirable crystal phases at higher temperature [de-vitrification] •increases the chances of slumping [eliminate the shape we made and leave a globule of ceramic]. •under-firing: •Effect; The porcelain object will have a chalky white color overlaying its shade ,Because light is reflected and scattered at boundaries between particles and at the surfaces of porosity 14
  • 15. 15
  • 16. 5.Checking fit on the working cast: •The restoration is tried back to working cast, often proximal surfaces need addition (correction). •Adjustments are made with diamond stones and discs to treat seating problems. •After reaching the desired contour, occlusion and seating; the restoration becomes ready for surface treatment. 16
  • 17. 6. Porcelain surface treatment: 17
  • 18. •Significance of Glazing: The aim of glazing is to : seal the open pores in the surface of fired porcelain ; minimizing surface roughness and thus controlling •Aesthetics • wear •mechanical properties •and plaque accumulation 18
  • 19. A. Natural or Auto-Glaze: Normally, the porcelain has the ability to glaze itself by forming a vitrified layer on the surface of dental porcelain ceramic containing a glass phase B. Applied or Add-on Glaze: Dental over glazes are composed of clear (colorless) low fusing glass powder, painted on the fired crown surface; and fired again. Add-on porcelains: are generally similar to glaze porcelains except for the addition of opacifier and color pigments .they're exclusively used for simple corrections of tooth contour or contact points.
  • 20. C. Polishing: Advantages; producing smoother less abrasive porcelain surfaces. Disadvantages; over polishing can Introduce more surface flaws and weaken the material. D. Custom staining (shade modification): Stains are generally low fusing colored porcelains used to imitate markings like enamel check lines, calcification spots, fluoresced areas etc.
  • 21. 6. Porcelain cooling: •It is necessary to cool the mixture fairly quickly. •If it cools too slowly, crystals form within the glass body which will degrade its optical properties, turning if from a clear glass into a cloudy one. Devitrification. • if it is cooled too quickly, stresses build up in the glass. • To reduce the stresses ,it is kept near the glass transition temperature (its solidus) for a long time so that the atoms in the glass can rearrange just enough to relieve the stress. When most of the stress has been eliminated, the finished glass is finally allowed to cool to room temperature [annealing]. 21
  • 22. • Applications of powder/slurry system: •These ceramics have a great amount of translucency and are highly esthetic • used mainly as: 1. veneering layers on stronger cores and frameworks 2. or for making PJCs. • Examples of systems utilizing this technique: 1.IPS e.max Ceram (Ivoclar-Vivadent) 2. IPS Eris (Ivoclar-Vivadent) 3. Lava Ceram (3M ESPE) 4.Cercon ceram kiss (dentsply)
  • 23. 23
  • 25. 2. Castable ceramics • supplied as solid ceramic ingots, which are heat-treated under controlled conditions (ceramming) using a lost wax and centrifugal-casting technique. •The best known of these systems is Dicor 25
  • 26. • fabrication technique: 1. 2. The ceramic ingot is heated at 1350 c and casted using centrifugal casting machine. 3. Ceramming process: the crown is heat-treated at 1075 c for 10 hours resulting in (controlled crystallization) formation of tiny crystals that are evenly distributed throughout the body of the glass structure enhancing its mechanical properties. 4. 26 The die is waxed-up , invested then, burnt-out. The final shade of the crown is applied to the surface of the completed restoration through a complex reaction between the porcelain and surface stains
  • 27. •Advantages of DICOR: •Highly esthetic: as mica crystals that constitute the crystal phase closely match the index of refraction to the surrounding glass phase. •A one-piece restoration made entirely of the same material and no opaque substructure exists to impede light scattering. •A chameleon effect i.e. the restoration acquires a part of the color from adjacent teeth and fillings as well as the underlying cement lute. •Excellent marginal fit. •Simple uncomplicated fabrication technique.
  • 28. •Disadvantage of DICOR: The surface stains may be removed after occlusal adjustment.
  • 30. Technique i. The die is waxed-up , invested then, placed in specialized mold that has an aluminum plunger. ii. The ceramic ingot is placed under the plunger, heated to 1150C and the plunger presses the molten ceramic into the mold. iii. The final shade of the crown is adjusted by staining or veneering. 30
  • 31. contains 35 - 45 vol % leucite as crystalline Phase • Disadvantage: The presence of about 9% porosity badly affects its flexural strength ,limiting its use to single unit complete-coverage restorations in the anterior region.   Contain 65 vol % lithium disilicate as the main crystalline phase ADVANTAGE: it has a much higher flexural strength than that of IPS Empress which makes it suitable for the usage for fabrication of 3-unit FPDs in the anterior region, and can extend to the second premolar , due to;
  • 32. •The final microstructure consists of highly interlocked lithium disilicate crystals contributing to strengthening •About 1% porosity •Introduced in 2005. •Considered as an enhanced lithium disilicate press-ceramic material when compared to Empress II. •Better physical properties and improved esthetics 32
  • 33. 33
  • 34. • Fabrication technique of IPS e.max: 1. Wax contouring The die is waxed-up to full anatomical contour After waxing-up to full contour, the incisal third of labial surface is cut-back 2. sprueing 34 The die is waxed-up to minimal thickness just to support the tooth shape
  • 35. 3. investing 4. Preheating The investment ring with the waxed-up die is preheated 35
  • 36. 5. Pressing The hot completed investment ring is placed in the hot press furnace 36
  • 37. 6. After cooling and divesting: 7. finshing 37
  • 38. I. Staining technique The stain paste is mixed with the glaze, applied to the framework and then, fired
  • 39. II. Cut-back technique The veneering technique of frameworks is performed with aid of silicon index 39
  • 40. III. Layering technique 1. 1st Dentin build-up 40 2. 1st Dentin firing cycle 3. compensatory Dentin build-up
  • 41. technique • A standard die is scanned using a mechanical scanning device and a computer that turns the shape of the die into digitized data. •The data is then used to fabricate an oversized die [to compensate for sintering shrinkage ]. •Aluminium oxide powder is compacted onto the enlarged die under high pressure and then sintered at temperatures above 16000C to full density thus shrinking it to the correct size and creating a hard core. • feldspathic porcelain veneer can be applied 41
  • 43. •VITA IN-CERAM , Zahnfabrik : supplied as one of the three core ceramics: 1.In-ceram alumina (70 vol % alumina) 2.In-ceram spinnel (contains a mixture of magnesia and alumina) 3.In-ceram Zirconia (34 vol % alumina + 33 vol % of ceria-stabilized Zirconia) •Definition: A porous infrastructure is produced by slip-casting, sintered, and later infiltrated with a lanthanum-based glass, producing two interpenetrating continuous networks, one composed of the glassy phase and the other being the crystalline infrastructure.
  • 44. Fabrication technique 1. Die preparation 2. Mixing aluminous powder with water to produce slip The water is removed by the capillary action of the porous gypsum, which packs the particles into a rigid porous network 3. The slip is painted onto the die with a brush. 4. sintering
  • 45. 5. lanthanum alumino-silicate glass is used to fill the pores in the alumina core. 7. Removal of excess glass 6. The glass becomes molten and flows into the pores by capillary diffusion. 8. Veneering with esthetic veneer [VITA VM7]
  • 46. 5.Machinable ceramics I. Manually Controlled System or Manual-aided Design/Manual-aided Manufacturing (MAD/MAM) Method:
  • 47. The best-known manual system in the UK is Celay. Referred to as copy milling, this method is based on the pantographic principle that was used when making duplicate keys
  • 49. •CAD-CAM SYSTEMS: They are the systems utilizing a process chain consisting of scanning, designing and milling phases. • Components technology : of CAD-CAM 1.Scanner = Digitizer 2. CAD Unit = Soft ware 3. CAM Unit = production
  • 50. A. Scanner: •Function: transform geometry of receptor unit (tooth) into digital data that can be processed by a computer.
  • 51. 1. Mechanical Scanners: •Used in: Procera. Scanner, by Nobel Biocare •Technique: contact probe with ruby ball at its end maps entire cast preparation surface line – by - line • Advantage: precise but, Less accurate than newer optical scanning systems. •Disadvantages: 1. Take long time to scan. 2. expensive.
  • 52. •Idea: 2.Optical scanners: Triangulation Procedures: Source of light (white, colored light or laser) + receptor unit are in a definite angle to one another  through this angle, computer can calculate 3D data from image on receptor unit. •Types: 1.Chair-side: fabricate restoration at chair. 2. Non-chair side: fabricate restoration in Lab.
  • 53. B. CAD Software: design the restoration to fit the preparation: margins, connectors, core thickness, cement gap (internal relief).
  • 54. C. CAM Unit (Production device): • Function: transform "digital data" to a "product” •Types: Acc. To No. of milling axes: 3- axis milling device: move in 3- spatial direction (X,Y,Z). 4- axis milling device: more in 3-septial direction + rotatable tension bridge (4 th axis). 5- axis milling device: move in 3- spatial direction + rotatable tension bridge (4th) + rotating milling spindle (5th axis). Acc ton milling environment: •Dry milling:  it is done for zirconium oxide low degree of pre-sintering, to avoid moisture absorption  avoid drying time of zirconium before sintering. •Wet milling  it is done for metals, composite, silica-based ceramics, zirconium oxide with high degree of pre-sintering.
  • 55. • Milling strategies: I- Subtractive Technique from a Solid Block : •The restoration is cut to contour out of a prefabricated, solid block. •This technique is used in: DCS , Cercon and Lava systems Disadvantage: can create complete shapes effectively, but at the expense of material being wasted. Approximately 90 percent of a prefabricated block is removed to create a typical dental restoration. II- Additive Technique by Applying Material on a Die •The framework material is applied on a die of a prepared tooth. •This technique is used in: Procera
  • 56. iii. Solid free form fabrication •This category includes new technologies originating from the area of rapid prototyping. •This technique is used in: • •Wax Pro 50 :applies the wax plotter technique, which works according to the ink jet principle.
  • 57. •Production Concepts (1) Chair side production: •Advantages: i.Save time  only are visit instead of two. ii.Avoid worrying about improper handling by lab (2) Laboratory production: Dentist scan preparation and design restoration then send it to laboratory technician who will mill the restoration.

Editor's Notes

  1. controlled crystallization formation of tiny crystals that are evenly distributed throughout the body of the glass structure enhancing its mechanical properties.
  2. Highly esthetic: as mica crystals that constitute the crystal phase closely match the index of refraction to the surrounding glass phase. chameleon effect is seen restoration acquires a part of the color from adjacent teeth and fillings as well as the underlying cement lute.
  3. 2w78