1. CHAPTER 5:
TRANSGENIC
PREPARED BY:
SITI RAIHANAH BT SABRI ( SB09014)
GAN SIEW MEI (SB09025)
SITI HAJAR BT MOHD RASDI (SB09060)
NOR ATIKAH BT MAHMOOD (SB09039)
NOOR AFIFAH BT FAUZI (SB09059)
SHORIYA ARUNI BT ABDUL MANAF (SB09042)

2. DEFINITION
Transgenic organism is defined as living organisms
containing genetic material into which DNA from a
different organism has been artificially introduced.
(Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition)

3. HISTORY
Was first created in 1973 by Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert Boyer.
Demonstrating the creation of a functional organism that combined and replicated genetic
information from different species.
The first transgenic animals were mice created by Rudolf Jaenisch in 1974.
He managed to insert foreign DNA into the early-stage mouse embryos the resulting mice carried
the modified gene in all their tissues.
Subsequent experiments, injecting leukemia genes to early mouse embryos using a retrovirus
vector, proved the genes integrated not only to the mice themselves, but also to their progeny.

4. Animals
TYPE
S
Microorganism
Plants s

6. DEFINITION
 A transgenic microorganisms is a microbe, usually a bacterium,
into which genetic information has been introduced from the outside
and which possesses the ability to pass that information on to
subsequent generations in a stable manner.

7. Recombinant DNA Technology
Steps:
1. Bacterial plasmid is spliced using the
restriction enzyme EcoRI and the
desired foreign genetic material is cut
by the same restriction enzyme
2. The cut pieces of DNA are called
"sticky ends" because the unpaired base
pairs allow them to combine and stick
together
3. With hybridization and an enzyme,
DNA ligase, the two pieces of DNA are
combined
4. The new plasmid is put into the
bacterial cell and now it will produce
the protein that the foreign genetic
material coded for

8. Importance:
(1) Involve in the production of medicine/food products.
Microbes: Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis
 A company called Genentech was among the earliest and most
successful commercial enterprises to use genetically engineered
bacteria to produce human proteins. Their first product was human
insulin produced by genetically engineered Escherichia coli.
 The drug industry has made good use of this discovery in its
production of medication for diseases such as diabetes and
haemophilia.

9.  A variety of other
human hormones, blood
proteins, and immune
modulators are now produced
in a similar fashion, in addition
to vaccines for such infectious
agents as hepatitis B virus and
measles.
• The sweetener in most diet sodas-
phenylalanine is made by
transgenic bacteria.

10. Importance:
(2) Plays an important role in environmental cleanup, or
bioremediation.
Microbes: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Burkholderia
cepacia
 Scientists have discovered many naturally occurring genes that code
for enzymes that degrade toxic wastes and wastewater pollutants in
bacteria.
 Examples: genes for degrading chlorinated pesticides,
chlorobenzenes, naphthalene, toluene, anilines, and various
hydrocarbons.

11.  Dr. Gordon Hill, a chemical engineer at the University of Saskatchewan
created a biofilm reactor that successfully removes pollutants from oil
industry waste water.
1. Oil-eating bacteria is grown in the reactor
tube until thick film created in the tube.
2. Waste water is pumped into the top of the
reactor tube where gravity pulls it down
and through the biofilm while air is
pumped in from the bottom to induce the
bacteria's digestion.
3. The thoroughly cleaned water comes out
of the tube
• However, scientists have not yet
discovered what genes are responsible for
the conversion of oil into harmless
byproducts.
• If this happen, they can harvest the
protein or enzyme and this will be much
less costly than the current biological
methods. Courtesy of: The AgBiotech Infosource

12. Importance:
(3) Used in some soils to facilitate crop growth.
Microbes:Pseudomonas putida.
 In 2011, a research has been done using genetically modified bacteria
which shown positive result by successfully suppressed the damping-
off of cucumber seedlings infected with the plant-pathogenic fungus
Rhizoctonia solani.
 It is an alternative to reduce application of agricultural chemicals for
sustainable agriculture.

13.  Other than directly used, transgenic microorganisms can also
act as vectors for transgenic animal and plants.
 The vectors will be inserted into target organisms to express the
interested gene .

14. ANIMALS

15. DEFINITION
 Transgenic animals are the genetically modified organisms which
have a foreign gene in their genome due to which they show certain
properties which are different from non genetically modified
organisms.
 Glow-fish as pets
 Sheep with more wool
 Cow producing more milk with lower cholesterol
 Goat producing silk

16. METHOD
 Transgenic animals can be produced by using three basic
methods which are:
 DNA microinjection
 Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
 Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer

17. DNA Microinjection
 The mouse was the first animal to undergo successful gene transfer
using DNA microinjection. This method involves:
 Transfer of a desired gene construct from another member in the
same or different species into the pronucleus of a reproductive
cell.
 Then, it will be cultured in vitro until reaches embryonic phase,
then transferred to the recipient female.

18. Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer
 This method involves:
 Isolation of totipotent stem cells (stem cells that can develop into
any type of specialized cell) from embryos.
 The desired gene is inserted into these cells.
 Cells containing the desired DNA are incorporated into the host’s
embryo, resulting in a chimeric animal.

20. Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer
 A retrovirus is a virus that carries its genetic material in the form of
RNA rather than DNA. This method involves:
 Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the
host cell, resulting in a chimera, an organism consisting of tissues
or parts of diverse genetic constitution.
 Chimeras are inbred for as many as 20 generations until
homozygous (carrying the desired transgene in every cell)
transgenic offspring are born.

21. IMPORTANCE
Agricultural
Medical Industrial
Have the
potential to
improve
human
welfare in:

22. MEDICAL
Gene therapy
• Process in which healthy genes are inserted in the person’s
body in place of defected genes that might cause diseases.
• Scientists of Finland have developed a calf which carries a
gene that responsible for making a substance which promotes
the growth of red blood cells in humans.
Pharmaceuticals
• Production of insulin, growth hormones and blood clotting
factors in the transgenic animals.
• These are obtained from cow, goats or sheep’s milk through
transgenesis to treat the diseases like cystic fibrosis and
phenylketonuria.

23. Xenotransplantation
• A surgical procedure in which tissue or whole organs are
transfered from one species to another species.
• Scientist successfully done experiments in pigs and
developed human organ. But there is a protein in pig
which cannot be accepted by human immune system.
• Now they are working on this problem and trying to
replace this protein with the human protein that can easily
accepted by the human immune system.

24. AGRICULTURAL
• Farmers breed the animals selectively to obtained healthy animals that have the
required traits for example, increased amount of milk and healthy meat.
Breeding • Beneficial for farmers to get the higher yield in short time.
• Diseases like influenza can cause damage to the animal body, so that the genes that
show resistant against this disease was inserted into animal body.
Disease • To avoid the disease spreads from one animal to the other.
resistance
• Transgenic cows are able to produce milk which has more nutritional value than an
ordinary cow’s milk.
Quality

25. INDUSTRIAL
Two scientists of Canada have successfully inserted spider genes into goats which are
lactating.
Along the milk production, goats will also produce silk which is a light flexible
material used to make tennis rackets, medicine micro sutures and army uniforms.
For the safety of chemicals, scientist have produced toxicity sensitive transgenic
animals.
Many proteins have produced by using transgenic animals which in turn convert into
enzymes to perform different functions in the body.

26. PLANTS

27. DEFINITION
 Plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach
that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new
characteristics.
 Can be transformed using 2 approaches:
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
 Gene gun/Biolistic bombardment system

28. 1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
 Causal agent of crown gall disease
 During the infection, a specific segment of the Ti plasmid DNA is
transferred from the bacteria to the plant.
 Scientists have exploited this genetic transfer in order to get genes
with desired properties into plant cells.

29. 2. Gene gun/Biolistic bombardment system
 Desired DNA is coated on microcopic gold or tungsten beads
 The particles are fired by a gun into plant tissue and penetrate the
cell wall
 DNA unwinds from gold carrier
particle and enters the nucleus

30. BENEFITS
1. Improved shelf life
Example: GMO tomato
- Partial inactivation of the polygalacturonase gene increase the time
between flavor development and spoilage of the fruit
- Delays ripening of fruit and vegetables thus allowing an increased
length of storage
- Increased flexibility in production and harvest

31. 2. Improved nutrition
Example: golden rice (oryza sativa rice)
- Designed to produce beta- carotene, a precursor of vitamin A in the
rice endosperm by transforming rice with 2 beta-carotene
biosynthesis genes.
- Reduce blindness and prevent malnutrition worldwide
- In august 2012, tufts university published new research on golden
rice showing that beta carotene produced by golden rice is as good as
beta carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children.

32. 3. Herbicide resistance
Example: roundup canola
- modified using gene technology to tolerate glyphosate by inhibiting
the production of EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
synthase), an enzyme necessary for the production of amino acids
and essential for plant protein production and growth.
- New genetic trait enables the canola to produce two enzymes – one
which protects it from the glyphosate and another which degrades
the glyphosate.
- protein cannot be made and the plant system of the target weed
collapses

33. 4. Pathogen resistance (viruses)
Example: transgenic PRSV-resistant papaya
 Contain a virus gene that encodes for the production of the coat
protein of the virus
 The coat protein’s primary function is to protect viral genetic
information
 Expression of this gene renders the papaya resistant to the virus.
 Aphids spread PRSV by feeding off infected and then uninfected
plants

34. 5. Pesticide resistance
Example:Bt corn
- Genetically altered to express bacterial Bt toxin, which is poisonous
to insect pests ( European corn borer)
- Expressing the toxin was achieved by inserting a gene from
the microorganism Bacillus thuringiensis into the corn genome
- This gene caused formation of pores in the Lepidoptera larval
digestive tract and allow enteric bacteria to enter the hemocoel,
where they multiply and cause sepsis.

35. EFFECTS:
POLITIC

36. Political and Legal aspects on biosafety
United Nations Envrionmental Programme—Global
Environmental Facility (UNEPGEF) makes efforts in the national
biosafety framework project with majority of developing
countries, but the synergy efforts with the international
organizations specialized in the biotechnology and biosafety are
undervalued and underutilized.

37.  Examples :
 The International Center For Genetic Engineering And
Biotechnology (ICGEB)
 Consultative Group On International Agricultural Research
(CGIAR)
 Have quite strong relationships with the developing countries
needing the supports and a long-term assistance for well-identified
partners in developing countries and other stakeholders

38. Evolving regulation for sustainable development ( example :
biosafety regulation)
 Genetically Modified Organisms ( Contained Use) Regulations 2000
(GMO (CU))
o Provide for human health and environmental protection from GM
microorganisms and also GM plants and animals
 Other legislations :
o Section 108 (1) of the Environment Protection Act 1990
o The Genetically Modified Organisms ( Risk assessment) (Records
and Exemptions) Regulations 1996
o The Gentically Modified Organism (Deliberate Release and Risk
Assessment-Amendment) Regulations 1997

39.  Organizing mechanisms :
1. Risk/benefit analysis
 Evaluating benefits
 Evaluating risk
 Research and sources information
2. Risk management
 Impact assessement processes
 Public awareness
 Design of regulatory system

41. ECONOMY EFFECTS
PROS
 Improved crop productivity in poor area
 Able to boost agricultural production
 Insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant able to lower the risk
of crop losses
 Potential to produce medicines inexpensively
 Transgenic plants offer the modest cost for pharmaceuticals.
 Example: transgenic bacteria produce most of the insulin to
treat the diabetics in the United States.

42. Cons
 Poor farmers might depend only on international
corporations for seeds
Example :
Some transgenic crops are designed with terminator
technology. So may have two negative impacts:
1. Environmental
2. Economic aspects

43.  First, pollen from the plants could invade neighboring
fields that cause other plants' seeds become infertile.
 Second, farmers could become dependent on buying seed
every year that require high costs.

44. SOCIO-ECONOMY EFFECTS
 Threat to food security
 Threat to livelihood
 Worsening debt trap and socio-political tension

45. Threat to food security
 Weaken any food security policies and practices that may
be in place in many developing countries
 Genetically modified crops require high cost, so might
squeeze the small and medium farmers out of business

46. Threat to livelihood
 Some companies producing substitute for tropical plants
for substance normally derived from it such as vanilla,
vegetable oil, chocolate and sugar
 Example:
The livelihood of about 10 million sugar farmers
throughout the South being threatened by genetically
engineered sugars and sweeteners being grown and
processed in the North.
This would threaten export earnings of the countries in the
South.

47. Worsening debt trap and socio-political
tension
 New technologies are often accompanied with new credit
package.
Example :
 The Green Revolution could be implemented only with a credit
package to buy high yielding varieties of seeds, chemical
inputs and mechanical services.
 A large number of small farmers who took loans when the
Green revolution was introduced could not repay back the loan
had to forfeit their land by richer farmers thus causing social
tensions.

49. Animal welfare
 Animal such as mice and pigs need to be genetically modify and
bred to produce animal for biomedical research.
 Gives rise to many animal welfare problems, examples:
1. Oocyte extraction from donor animals is usually surgical – stressed
of recovery.
2. Pregnancy in surrogates mothers is prolonged and heavy – painful
birth.

50. 3. Abnormal fetal development and late pregnancy mortality.
4. Health problem during life, due to respiratory problem and immune
system deficiency.
5. Wasteful of animal life:
Continuous breeding needed simply to maintain the transgenic
line.
Transgenic animal produced may not suitable for research and
further breeding

51. Solutions
1. Find a treatment for condition produced.
2. Restriction of gene expression to tissue of interest or to certain
time period.
3. Establishment of endpoint for removing animal from a study
before problem appear.
4. Use embryo or sperm cryopreservation to maintain transgenic line
that may not being actively studied.
5. Develop a guideline to ensure transgenic animal are used ethically.

52. Religion views
 In US, a majority of Christian and Muslim say they are opposed to
move genes from one species or organism to put into another.
 They believe the fate of humankind is in God’s hand and meddling
with nature is sinful and goes against the wish of God.
 Other religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism do permit
genetic engineering on animal if is it done with divine intent
but not for selfishness and power.
 In animal biotechnology, if the intentions are good and the
consequences are needed and beneficial, then maybe it is
justifiable. So they accept genetic engineering on animal
without suffering them.

53. Food safety concerns
 Labelling
 The labelling of the GMOs food products should be applied so
that the consumers knows.
 Use of antibiotic resistance genes
 Allergenicity and toxicity
 Introduced genes may toxic itself and may also lead to production
of toxin in products

54. CONCLUSION
Transgenic organism can be conclude as an organism whose genetic
characteristics have been altered using the techniques of genetic
engineering. Scientists today have the ability to modify the genetic
makeup of plants and animals, and even to transfer genes from one
species to another. Although it give many benefits, the transgenic
organisms might give the problems and effects that are yet unknown.

55. Thank You!!