not by me for cdbt student

1.  Vitamins are organic nutrients required in small
quantities for a variety of biochemical functions.
 Nutrients that our body does not make on its own.
Thus we must obtain them from the foods we eat,
or via vitamin supplements.
 They are essential for providing good health and
are necessary for many life functions.

2.  They are essential for growth, development,
metabolism and general health of the body.
 In case they are not supplied in adequate
quantities by the diet, they result in a
number of deficiencies.
 There are thirteen vitamins that are needed
by the body for development.
 Vitamins are needed by the body to make
enzymes and hormones.

3.  There are no foods or any replacements for
them, they do not contain any calories and do
not impart energy directly, but are needed by
the body to convert food into energy.
 Vitamins are necessary components of healthy
diets and play important roles in cellular
metabolism.

7. Common features:
 water soluble，easy to be discharged through
urine
 not easy to be stored in the body，requiring diet
inception
 do not get stored in the body for long - they soon
get expelled through urine.
 Water-soluble vitamins need to be replaced
more often than fat-soluble ones.

8. SOURCES
• Yeast
• Pork
• Cereal grains
• Sunflower seeds
• Brown rice
• Eggs
• Liver
• Orange
• Potatoes
• Milk

9. IMPORTANCE:
 Known as the "Morale Vitamin" because of its
beneficial effects on the nervous system and
mental attitude.
 It enhances circulation, assists in blood formation,
carbohydrate metabolism and digestion
 plays a key role in generating energy
 promotes good muscle tone
 acts as an anti-oxidant, protecting the body from
degenerative effects of aging
 helps prevent reoccurring canker sores
 helps maintain a healthy nervous system
 prevents depression, alleviates fatigue, optimizes
brain function and mental alertness

10.  has been used to treat numbness of the hands
and feet, poor circulation, tingling sensations,
weak or sore muscles
 forgetfulness, heavy breathing, and irritability.
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
 May lead to
the loss of appetite
weakness & feeling tired
paralysis & nervous irritability
insomnia
 loss of weight
 vague aches & pains
 mental depression &constipation
 heart & gastrointestinal problems.

11. N
N
CH3
CH2
NH2
S
CH
N
+
CH3
CH2 CH2 O P
OH
O
O P
O
OH
OH
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

13. Sources
• Asparagus
• Bananas
• Okra
• Cottage cheese
• Milk
• Yogurt
• Meat
• Eggs
• Fish
• Green beans

14. IMPORTANCE:
 Necessary for red blood cell formation
 anti-body production
 cell respiration, and growth
 alleviates eye fatigue, and is important in the
prevention of cataracts
 aids in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins
 promotes the oxygenation of the skin, hair, and
nails
 eliminates dandruff
 aids in the release of energy from food

15.  reduces the occurrence of migraine headaches
 helps eliminate cracked mouth, lips, and tongue
 supports the production of adrenal hormones.
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
May result in
 itching and burning eyes
 cracks and sores in the mouth & lips
 bloodshot eyes
 purplish tongue
 dermatitis
 retarded growth
 digestive disturbances
 trembling; sluggishness
 oily skin.

18. Sources
• Liver
• Heart
• Milk
• Chicken
• Broccoli
• Carrots
• Eggs
• Nuts
• Whole grains
• Mushroom
• Brewer’s yeast

19. IMPORTANCE:
 Dilates blood vessels, thus increasing circulation and
reducing high blood pressure; significantly lowers
blood cholesterol and triglycerides
 improves resistance to stress
 regulates blood sugar
 treats dizziness and ringing in the ears
 helps prevent depression, mental illness, and
migraine headaches
 aids in the functioning of the nervous system
 helps eliminate canker sores and bad breath
 protects against pollutants and toxins
 gives you healthier looking skin

20. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
May result in
 pellagra,
 gastrointestinal disturbance,
 nervousness,
 headaches,
 fatigue,
 mental depression,
 vague aches & pains,

21.  irritability,
 loss of appetite,
 insomnia,
 skin disorders,
 muscular weakness
 indigestion
 bad breath
 canker sores.

24. SOURCES
• Meats
• Avocados
• Broccoli
• Whole grains

25. IMPORTANCE:
 is considered the "Anti-Stress" Vitamin because of
its important role in the functioning of the adrenal
glands, which produce hormones that help our
bodies respond to stress
 plays an important role in making hemoglobin,
which transports oxygen throughout our bodies
 helpful in detoxifying harmful chemicals such as
herbicides and insecticides
 along with anti-oxidants, zinc, copper, and
vitamin D, will prevent accelerated joint
degeneration, by encouraging your body's ability
to regenerate cartilage
 fights infections by building antibodies

26.  prevents fatigue, and used by athletes to
boost performance
 used to reduce the adverse and toxic effects
of many antibiotics
 stimulates the release of energy from
carbohydrates, fats and protein
 promotes the production of red blood cells
and sex hormones
 helps with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
and menopausal discomforts
 lowers high cholesterol and triglycerides.

27. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
May lead to
 painful & burning feet
 skin abnormalities
 retarded growth
 dizzy spells
 digestive disturbances
 vomiting
 restlessness
 stomach stress
 muscle cramps.

28. SOURCES
• Meats
• Whole grains
• Vegetables
• Nuts
• Egg

29. IMPORTANCE:
 Can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease
by inhibiting the formation of homocysteine, a
toxic chemical that attacks the heart muscle and
allows the deposition of cholesterol around the
heart muscle
 aids in maintaining the central nervous system
and normal brain function
 reduces muscle spasms, leg cramps and
stiffness of the hands
 relieves nausea and migraines,
 lowers cholesterol

30.  improves vision, and aids in the prevention of
PMS
 promotes red blood cell formation
 aids the immune system and antibody production
 aids in cancer immunity and in the prevention of
atherosclerosis;
 is destroyed by alcoholic beverages.

31. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
May result in
nervousness,
insomnia
 skin eruptions
loss of muscular control
anemia
mouth disorders
 muscular weakness
dermatitis,
arm & leg cramps
loss of hair,
 slow learning and
water retention.

34. SOURCES
• Egg yolk
• Liver
• Some vegetables

35. IMPORTANCE:
 aids in the utilization of protein and other nutrients
 aids in cell growth and fatty acid production
 promotes the health of sweat glands, nerve
tissue, bone marrow, male sex glands, blood
cells, skin and hair; cures some forms of baldness
 used in preventative treatments for baldness;
prevents the hair from turning prematurely gray
 alleviates eczema and dermatitis
 alleviates muscle pain
 may help reduce blood sugar levels in people
with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

36. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
May lead to
 extreme exhaustion
 drowsiness
 muscle pain
 loss of appetite
 depression
 grayish skin color.

39. SOURCES
• Fish
• Meat
• Shellfish
• Eggs
• Milk
• Dairy products
• Fortified cereals
• Soy products

40. IMPORTANCE:
 Helps in the formation of red blood cells, thus
helping prevent anemia; increases energy levels;
promotes a healthy immune system and nerve
function
 required for the proper digestion of foods, the
synthesis of protein, and the metabolism of
carbohydrates and fats
 aids in cell formation and cellular longevity
 prevents nerve damage
 improves concentration, memory, and balance
 may protect against smoking-induced cancer.

41. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
 chronic fatigue,
 bone loss,
 constipation
 depression,
 digestive disorders,
 dizziness,
 Drowsiness
 enlargement of the liver
 eye disorders,

42.  hallucinations
 Headaches
 labored breathing
 memory loss,
 moodiness
 nervousness
 pernicious anemia
 ringing in the ears
 binge eating and
 spinal cord degeneration.

44. SOURCES
• Leafy vegetables
• Legumes
• Sunflower seeds
• Liver
• Fruits
• Fortified grain products

45.  methionine synthase converts homocysteine to methionine
cysteine homocysteine methionine
MS
B12

46. IMPORTANCE:
 May reduce the risk of a heart attack by lowering
homocysteine levels.
 In recent years, high levels of homocysteine have
been found to be associated with an increased risk of
atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries due to the
accumulation of fatty plaques).
 Protects against birth defects by helping regulate
embryonic and fetal nerve cell formation
 protects against intestinal parasites and food
poisoning
 may delay graying hair when used in conjunction with
pantothenic acid and PABA;

47.  promotes healthier looking skin
 is considered a brain food
 is needed for energy production and the
formation of red blood cells
 strengthens the immune system by aiding
the proper formation and functioning of
white blood cells
 important for healthy cell division and
replication.

48. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
May result in
 gastrointestinal disorders
 anemia
 Vitamin B-12 deficiency
 pre-mature gray hair.

52. SOURCES
• Carrots
• Lemon
• Orange
• Strawberry
• Tomatoes
• Broccoli

53. IMPORTANCE:
 A major and very potent anti-oxidant
 plays a primary role in the formation of collagen,
which is important for the growth and repair of
body tissue cells, gums, blood vessels, bones and
teeth
 protects against the harmful effects of pollution
 protects against infection, and enhances the
immune system
 helps protect against many forms of cancer by
counteracting the formation of nitrosamines
(cancer-causing substances);

54.  protects against abnormal blood clotting and
bruising, and may reduce the risk of cataracts
 aids in the treatment and prevention of the
common cold
 prevents scurvy
 reduces the effects of many allergy producing
substances
 helps lower blood pressure
 is vital for wound healing
 strengthens the blood vessels

55.  reduces cholesterol and protects against heart
disease
 aids in the production of "anti-stress" hormones
 is needed for healthy adrenal function
 helps expel heavy metals and other toxic
substances from the body.

56. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
May lead to
 soft & bleeding gums
 swollen or painful joints
 slow-healing wounds & fractures
 bruising
 Nosebleeds
 tooth decay

57.  loss of appetite
 muscular weakness
 skin hemorrhages
 capillary weakness
 anemia
 impaired digestion.

60.  Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the
intestinal tract with the help of fats (lipids).
 Absorbed with dietary fat in small intestine
 40-90% absorption efficiency
 Absorption typically regulated by need
need absorption
 Transported away from small intestine in
chylomicra via blood and lymph (depending on
size)
 They are not easily excreted through urine.
 Substantial amounts are stored in liver and fat
tissue.
 Therefore, toxicity is possible.

61. SOURCES
• Liver
• Carrot
• Broccoli
• Sweet potato
• Butter
• Spinach
• Kale
• Cheese
• Egg
• Milk

65. IMPORTANCE:
 A powerful anti-oxidant which helps protect the
cells against cancer by neutralizing "Free
Radicals," necessary for new cell growth
 guards against heart disease and stroke
 lowers cholesterol levels
 slows the aging process
 protects against colds, flu and infections of the
kidneys, bladder, lungs and mucous membranes
 promotes healthy wrinkle-free skin, and helps in
the removal of age spots and acne;

66.  promotes healthy hair and nails
 protects against air pollutants and counteracts
night blindness and weak eye sight
 builds resistance to infections
 slows the progression of osteoarthritis and
cataracts
 helps prevent macular degeneration of the eyes.

67. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
 May result in night blindness
 increased susceptibility to infections
 rough, dry, scaly skin
 loss of smell & appetite
 frequents fatigue
 lack of tearing
 defective teeth & gums' retarded growth.

68. SOURCES
• Salmon
• tuna
• fortified milk
• juices
• beef liver
• fortified cereals
• eggs.

71. IMPORTANCE:
 A deficiency plays a key role in the
development of type 1 diabetes.
 Vitamin D is needed for islet cells to produce
insulin, the hormone that allows cells to take
up blood sugar.
 Without enough Vitamin D, islet cells don't
produce insulin.
 Helps regulate white blood cells that make up
the immune system
 Vitamin D with calcium has shown to reduce
osteoporosis and hip fractures

72.  improves the absorption and utilization of
calcium and phosphorus; hardens and repairs
bones;
 prevents rickets
 treats hypocalcaemia, and promotes normal
growth in children
 supports the healthy function of the thyroid
gland
 may help prevent colon cancer.

73. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
May lead to
 softening of bones
 rickets
 osteomalacia
 tooth decay
 improper healing of fractures
 lack of vigor
 muscular weakness
 inadequate absorption of calcium
 retention of phosphorous in the kidneys.

74. SOURCES
• Wheat germ
• Nuts
• Seeds
• Green leafy vegetables
• Kiwi
• Mango
• Tomatoes

76. IMPORTANCE:
 a "super" anti-oxidant, which protects cells
against damage caused by "free radicals“
 is extremely important in the prevention of cancer
and cardiovascular disease, and is useful in
treating premenstrual syndrome and fibrocystic
disease of the breast.
 Thus far, studies have shown, that Vitamin E
protects against approximately eighty diseases
 prevents thick scar formation when applied
topically, and accelerates the healing of burns.
 reduces blood pressure

77.  aids in preventing cataracts
 relieves leg cramps
 enhances sperm production
 promotes healthy skin and hair and prevents age
spots
 retards cellular aging due to oxidation
 prevents and dissolves blood clots
 slows the progression of Alzheimer's disease
 significantly strengthens the immune system

78.  supplies oxygen to the blood which is then carried
to the heart and other organs thus alleviating
fatigue
 treats circulatory problems and prevents lung
toxicity from air pollution
 enhances sexual performance
 improves muscle strength and stamina.
 Studies have shown that low levels of Vitamin E
in the blood increases the risk of certain types of
cancer, particularly cancers of the gastrointestinal
tract, breast, prostate, lung, and colon.

79.  Studies have shown that Vitamin E improves
insulin action and it exerts a number of beneficial
effects that aids in preventing long-term
complications of diabetes, especially
cardiovascular disease.
 Studies have shown that those who took Vitamin
E on a regular basis had a 41 % lower risk of
heart disease. Other studies have shown that
people with existing heart disease, who started
taking 400-800 IU of Vitamin E daily, had a 70%
reduction in the number of heart attacks as
compared to a placebo group.

81. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
May lead to
 a rupture of red blood cells
 loss of reproductive powers
 lack of sexual vitality
 abnormal fat deposits in muscles
 degenerative changes in the changes in the heart
and other muscles
 dry skin.

82. SOURCES
• green leafy vegetables,
• soybean oil
• olive oil
• canola oil.

84. IMPORTANCE
 Vitamin K promotes normal blood clotting and
healthy bone growth.

85.  synthetic or natural substances which can be
purchased as pills, tablets, capsules, wafers,
powders, or liquids.

86.  A multivitamin should contain fat‐soluble
vitamins A, D, E; water‐soluble vitamins B1,
B2, B6, B12, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin,
folic acid , and Vitamin C.
 They will also usually have minerals such as
zinc, magnesium, copper, and calcium in
them.

87.  Recommended Dietary Allowances
 These are suggested levels of essential nutrients
considered adequate to meet nutritional needs of healthy
individuals.
 Typically, a normal, well-balanced diet is sufficient in
meeting all of the human body's requirements for vitamins.
 To help ensure that consumers know exactly how balanced
their food choices are, a number of different reference
guides have been developed. The most familiar in the
United States is the Recommended Dietary Allowance
(RDA), a guideline issued by the Food and Nutrition Board
of the National Academy of Sciences.
 RDAs may be different depending upon age and gender. A
similar, but more recently developed, guideline is the
Reference Daily Intake (RDI), which provides a population-
adjusted average RDA based on all ages and sex groups of
RDA values.