12. Mountainous rain-shadow regions like Spiti valley Flood plains to check floods during monsoons The Deccan plateau which has only monsoon fed (no perennial) rivers Traditional rainwater harvesting systems Widely prevalent in all parts of India
13. Desert and arid region , Rajasthan, Rann of Kutch etc. Traditional rainwater harvesting systems Mountainous regions with heavy rainfall to check erosion and to provide water in non-rainy months since water distribution systems are not easy to install Widely prevalent in all parts of India
14. Centuries old ‘Kul irrigation’ in the Western Himalayan mountainous rain-shadow regions like Spiti valley Glacier melt is diverted into the head of a ‘kul’ or a diversion channel These ‘kuls’ channel the water over many kilometers They lead into a tank in the village from which water flow is regulated
17. The fish fed on mosquito larva and helped check malaria in this region.Embankment River Kana/ Nadi
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19. Similar system also practised in Ur (Iraq), the Negev desert, and in south west Colorado
20. An embankment prevents water from flowing away. Collected water seeps into the soil. This water saturates land, which is then used for growing crops
21. Johads of Rajasthan(provide water for domestic use) Earthen or masonry rainwater harvesting structure, for providing water for domestic use to the communities. Photo by L R Burdak
22. Johads of Rajasthan(provide water for domestic use) Photo by Farhad Contractor, taken in Alwar district of Rajasthan Read about revival of Johads in ‘Reviving India’s water harvesting systems’
23. Tankas of Bikaner, Barmer, Phalodi - Rajasthan Pipes from the rooftop lead rainwater into the tanka catchment Note the slope provided for the rainwater (palar pani) to flow into the tanka
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25. Sometimes used to store drinking water brought from far off wells in case the rainwater gets exhausted
35. Importance of rainwater harvesting being realized
36. Rooftop rainwater harvesting getting a boostNo perennial rivers
37. Rainwater harvesting in the North Eastern states Mountainous regions with heavy rainfall Uneven distribution of population Abundant water resources but not tapped due to rugged terrain Face water scarcity in areas of high population density
44. Kunds/ Kundis The sides of the well-pit are covered with (disinfectant) lime and ash. Most pits have a dome-shaped cover, or at least a lid, to protect the water. If need be, water can be drawn out with a bucket. The depth and diameter of kunds depend on their use (drinking, or domestic water requirements). They can be owned by only those with money to invest and land to construct it. Thus for the poor, large public kunds have to be built.
45. Rainwater harvesting today Collection (Catchment) Flat / sloping roofs Transportation: Downtake pipes Leaf and grit filter, First flush device Storage in tanks Recharge into open wells / borewells / percolation pits / trenches
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47. If the rain water harvesting structure is not provided as required, an authorized person can implement a rain water harvesting structure and the cost is recovered along with property tax".
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49. The first village to have installed a maximum number of rainwater harvesting systems.
50. Each of the 200 houses have a rooftop rainwater harvesting system
55. Taps left open in winter, so that water does not freeze in the pipelines (Water wasted in winter)
56. Norphel builds artificial glaciers by channelising glacier water into depressions lying in the shadow area of a mountain, hidden from sunlight.
57. He places half-inch-wide iron pipes at the edge of the depression. As the water keeps collecting in the pipes, it freezes. As more water seeps in, it pushes out the frozen blocks, and in turn, itself gets frozen. This keeps happening in a continuous cycle, and these frozen blocks create a clean, artificial glacier.
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59. The size of a phad can vary from 10-200 ha, the average being 100-125 ha. Every year, the village decides which phads to use and which to leave fallow. Only one type of crop is allowed in one phad. Generally, sugarcane is grown in one or two phads; seasonal crops are grown in the others. This ensures a healthy crop rotation system that maintains soil fertility, and reduces the danger of waterlogging and salinity. The phad system has given rise to a unique social system to manage water use.
60. Karnataka - Kere Tanks, called kere in Kannada, were the predominant traditional method of irrigation in the Central Karnataka Plateau, and were fed either by channels branching off from anicuts (check dams) built across streams, or by streams in valleys. The outflow of one tank supplied the next all the way down the course of the stream; the tanks were built in a series, usually situated a few kilometres apart. This ensured: a) no wastage through overflow, and b) the seepage of a tank higher up in the series would be collected in the next lower one.
61. Katas / Mundas / Bandhas Katas / Mundas / BandhasThe katas, mundas and bandhas were the main irrigation sources in the ancient tribal kingdom of the Gonds (now in Orissa and Madhya Pradesh). Most of these katas were built by the village headmen known as gountias, who in turn, received the land from the Gond kings. Land here is classified into four groups on the basis of its topography: aat, (highland); mal (sloped land); berna (medium land); and bahal (low land). This classification helps to select
62. A kata is constructed north to south, or east to west, of avillage. A strong earthen embankment, curved at either end, is built across a drainage line to hold up an irregularly-shaped sheet of water. The undulations of the country usually determine its shape as that of a long isosceles triangle, of which the dam forms the base. It commands a valley, the bottom of which is the bahal land and the sides are the mal terrace. As a rule, there is a cut high up on the slope near one end of the embankment from where water is led either by a small channel or tal, or from field to field along terraces, going lower down to the fields.
64. Divide the class into 5 teams Team A selects 2 persons who will pick the clue and draw it out on the board for the other team members to guess. If the guessers get the right answer in 30 secs, they get 5 points If the guessers get the right answer in 60 secs, they get 3 points Otherwise The chance then goes to Team B and so on. Rules No mouthing of words No names or numbers to be written No actions
65. Turn off the projector now, so that the whole class cannot see the clues. The 2 representatives of Team A can come up to the computer and see the clue. Ready?
66. Round 1 Team A – Khadin Team B – Johad Team C – Tanka Team D – Kul Team E – Inundation channel
67. Round 2 Team A – Dholavira Team B – Spiti valley Team C – Rann of Kutch Team D – Deccan Plateau Team E – Jaisalmer
68. Round 3 Team A – Thar Team B – North East India Team C – Bamboo drip irrigation Team D – Indira Gandhi Canal Team E – Gendathur
69. Round 4 Team A – collection Team B – storage Team C – recharge Team D – filter Team E – pipelines
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