2. Classical View
Bureaucracy
Scientific Management
Administrative
Neoclassical
Human Relations Movement
Chester Barnard
Integrating management theories
Contingency Approach
System
Behavioural approach
Quantitative approach
EARLY
MANAGEMENT
APPROACHES
MODERN
MANAGEMENT
APPROACHES
3. Classical Administration Theory
Classical View (Early 1900s-1920)
Bureaucracy:
Max Weber(father of modern sociology)
Strict chain of command, detailed rules,
high specialization, centralized power,
and selection and promotion based on
technical competence
4. Classical Administration Theory
Scientific management:
Focusses on worker & machine relationship.
Frederick Taylor(1911)-Father of Scientific
Management.
Published- Principles of Scientific Management
Gilberth- “one best way” of doing work
Motion study & time study
Henry Gantt(1861-1919)- Gantt charts
Henry focussed on motivational schemes,
leadership and management skills for an effective
5. Classical Administration Theory
Administrative Management:
Henri Fayol (1941-1924), popularized the
concept of the “universality of management
principles”
Father of Modern Management.
Attempts to prescribe the “correct” way to
manage an organization and achieve its goals
High specialization of labour (each dept
tended to its own business, and decision
making was centralized)
7. Human Relations Movement
Advocates management styles that are more
participative and oriented towards employee
needs
Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric
Company; 1924-1932
Initiated as an attempt to investigate how
characteristics of the work setting affect
employee fatigue and performance (i.e., lighting)
Found that productivity increased regardless of
whether illumination was raised or lowered
8. Chester Barnard
3 top functions of executives-
1. Establish and maintain an effective
communication system
2. Hire and retain effective personnel
3. Motivate those personnel
He gave ‘Acceptance Theory of Authority;
10. System approach
Emerged during 1940s and World War-2
System is also an organization just like a
human body.
it can be defined as “essentially a set or assembly
of things interconnection or interdependent , so as
to form a complex unites”
Any degree of change will affect some other
system.
Firstly applied in the fields of science and
engineering system.
There are 2 major types of system:
1)open system. 2) Closed system.
12. Contingency View(mid 1960s)
Also called Situational approach
Emphasizes the fit b/w organisation process
and the characteristic of the situation.
It assumes that managerial behaviour is
dependent on wide variety of elements.
13. Behavioural approach
It is improved and more mature version of the
human relations approach.
Scientists like Douglas McGregor, Abraham
Maslow, Kurt Lewin, Chester Barnard, Mary
Parker Follet etc contributed to this
behavioural approach hence they are called
Behavioural scientists.
Their contributions helped in understanding
OB.
14. Quantitative approach
Also called the management science approach
It gained momentum during 2nd world war to
seek solutions to complex problems in warfare
The scientists engaged for this purpose were
known as Operations Research teams(‘.’ it
included contruction of mathematical models
to simulate the problem)
15. References
Textbooks :
Organisational Behaviour- Stephen P. Robbins
Principles of Management- Harold Koontz, Heinz
Weihrich, A Ramachandran Aryasri.
Internet :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_studie
s
www.prenhall.com
Editor's Notes
Classical view focussed on efficiency & includes bureaucratic, scientific n administrative mgt
One hundred years later, German sociologist Max Weber wrote about rational organizations and initiated discussion of charismatic leadership.
Book- work methods designed to increase worker productivity
Gantt charts- scheduling multiple overlapping tasks over a time period
Motivational schemes- effectiveness of rewards for good work
The Hawthorne Studies refers to a series of studies conducted from 1924 to 1932 at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company. The study was initiated to investigate how the level of lighting would affect employee fatigue and performance. The researchers conducted an experiment in which they systematically measured employee productivity at various levels of illumination. However, no matter whether the lighting was raised or lowered, productivity increased. The researchers were puzzled and invited Elton Mayo to assist them.
Mayo proposed the use of the relay assembly test to investigate other aspects of the work context on job performance. Eventually, they found that the employees were responding to the increased attention from the researchers.
The Hawthorne Effect suggested that the attitude of employees toward their managers affects the employees’ performance.
Acceptnc theory- it states that maanagers only hav as much as authority as employess allow them to hav. Authority flows downward but depends on acceptance by the subordinate.
Acc to behavioural scientists the realistic model of human motivation is complex man. i.e diff people react differently to the same situation or react the same way to different situations.