The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve countries whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. It entered into force in 1961 and has since been acceded to by many other nations. The total number of Parties to the Treaty is now 50.

1. The Antarctic Treaty
Presented By : -
Miss. Sayali Agine. 02
&
Mr. Rajesh Mhade. 20
Submitted To : -
Prof. Jayesh Shirke.
VSMSIBM Khed.

2.  There are currently around 10,000 people based on stations in the
Antarctic in summer, falling to about 1,000 in winter. The largest UK
facility is Rothera Research Station, on Adelaide Island, which
currently has a complement of up to 120 in summer and 21 in winter.
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3. Antarctica is the largest and most pristine wilderness on Earth, and an unrivalled
natural laboratory for scientific research.The continent has been protected for 50
years by a unique international agreement – the AntarcticTreaty.
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4. Introduction
The origins of the AntarcticTreaty can be traced back to the late 1950s,
and the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. Scientific
research in Antarctica was a major focus for the IGY and the continent
became the centre for a global scientific effort involving some 67
counties. The IGY was a tremendous success, as not only did it produce
highly important scientific results, but it showed that nations could co-
operate and work together peacefully inAntarctica.
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5. The USA proposed that the twelve nations involved in the IGY – Argentina,
Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, UK,
USA, and the USSR (now the Russian Federation) – should meet to discuss how
international co-operation and freedom of science in Antarctica could be
continued. After a year of closed discussions, the 12 nations signed the Antarctic
Treaty on 1st December 1959, which came into force on 23rd June 1961.
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6. The major provisions of the Antarctic Treaty are:
• Antarctica is only to be used for peaceful purposes, although
military personnel may be involved in logistical support
• There is freedom of scientific investigation and co-operation
• Scientific information, data and personnel can be freely
exchanged
• Territorial claims are ‘frozen’ and new ones cannot be made
• Nuclear explosions and radioactive waste disposal are banned
• All stations and equipment are open to inspection by any
Treaty nation at any time
• The Treaty covers all areas south of latitude 60º south..
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7. •The Antarctic Treaty remains in force indefinitely and is recognized
as one of the most successful of all international agreements. Since
1959, the number of countries which have signed the Treaty has risen
from the original 12 to a total of 49 in 2011.
•As well as the original Treaty, the Treaty nations have agreed a series
of other measures to conserve wildlife living on and around
Antarctica, such as the conservation of seals and management of
fishing activity.
•Agreements are also in place to protect the environment, including a
prohibition of all minerals related activity (except for science).
•Together, the Treaty and its associated agreements are known as the
Antarctic Treaty System. Competing
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8. Country
Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Belarus, Belgium, Brazil
Bulgaria, Canada,
Chile,China, Colombia, Cuba,
Czech Republic,
Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,
India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, M
onaco, Netherlands, New
Zealand, North Korea,
Norway , Pakistan, Papua,
New Guinea,
Peru, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
South Africa, South Korea,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, Ukraine, United
Kingdom , United States,
Parties involve in ATS
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9.  Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes
only (Art. I)
 Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica
and cooperation toward that end … shall
continue (Art. II).
 Scientific observations and results from Antarctica
shall be exchanged and made freely available (Art.
III).
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10. Article IV
Nothing contained in the present Treaty shall be interpreted as:
No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in
force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a
claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights
of sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an
existing claim, to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica shall be
asserted while the present Treaty is in force.
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11. Article V
1. Any nuclear explosions in Antarctica and the disposal there of
radioactive waste material shall be prohibited.
2. In the event of the conclusion of international agreements concerning
the use of nuclear energy, including nuclear explosions and the disposal of
radioactive waste material, to which all of the Contracting Parties whose
representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for
under Article IX are parties, the rules established under such agreements
shall apply in Antarctica.
Article VI
The provisions of the present Treaty shall apply to the area south of 60 deg.
South Latitude, including all ice shelves, but nothing in the present Treaty
shall prejudice or in any way affect the rights, or the exercise of the rights,
of any State under international law with regard to the high seas within that
area.
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12. Article VII
1.Treaty shall have the right to designate observers to carry out any
inspection provided for by the present Article.
2. Each observer designated in accordance with the provisions of
paragraph 1 of this Article shall have complete freedom of access at
any time to any or all areas of Antarctica.
ArticleVIII
1. In order to facilitate the exercise of their functions under the
present Treaty, and without prejudice to the respective positions of
the Contracting Parties relating to jurisdiction over all other persons
in Antarctica, observers designated under paragraph 1 of Article VII
and scientific personnel exchanged under sub-paragraph 1(b) of
Article III of the Treaty, and members of the staffs accompanying
any such persons, shall be subject only to the jurisdiction of the
Contracting Party of which they are nationals in respect of all acts
or omissions occurring while they are in Antarctica for the purpose
of exercising their functions.3/27/2014 26raj VSIM KHED

13. Article IX
1. Representatives of the Contracting Parties named in the
preamble to the present Treaty shall meet at the City of
Canberra within two months after the date of entry into force of
the Treaty, and thereafter at suitable intervals and places, for
the purpose of exchanging information, consulting together on
matters of common interest pertaining to Antarctica, and
formulating and considering, and recommending to their
Governments, measures in furtherance of the principles and
objectives of the Treaty, including measures regarding:
a. use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes only;
b. facilitation of scientific research in Antarctica;
c. facilitation of international scientific cooperation in Antarctica;
d. facilitation of the exercise of the rights of inspection provided for
in Article VII of the Treaty;
e. questions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction in Antarctica;
f. preservation and conservation of living resources in Antarctica.
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14. Article X
Each of the Contracting Parties undertakes to exert appropriate efforts,
consistent with the Charter of the United Nations, to the end that no one
engages in any activity in Antarctica contrary to the principles or purposes
of the present Treaty.
Article XI
1. If any dispute arises between two or more of the Contracting Parties
concerning the interpretation or application of the present Treaty, those
Contracting Parties shall consult among themselves with a view to having
the dispute resolved by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation,
arbitration, judicial settlement or other peaceful means of their own choice.
2. Any dispute of this character not so resolved shall, with the consent, in
each case, of all parties to the dispute, be referred to the International
Court of Justice for settlement; but failure to reach agreement on reference
to the International Court shall not absolve parties to the dispute from the
responsibility of continuing to seek to resolve it by any of the various
peaceful means referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.
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15. Article XII
The present Treaty may be modified or amended at any time by
unanimous agreement of the Contracting Parties whose representatives
are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX. Any
such modification or amendment shall enter into force when the
depositary Government has received notice from all such Contracting
Parties that they have ratified it.
Article XIII
The present Treaty shall be subject to ratification by the signatory States.
It shall be open for accession by any State which is a Member of the
United Nations, or by any other State which may be invited to accede
to the Treaty with the consent of all the Contracting Parties whose
representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for
under Article IX of the Treaty.
Article XIV
The present Treaty, done in the English, French, Russian and Spanish
languages, each version being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the
archives of the Government of the United States of America, which shall
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16.  Protection of the Antarctic environment has been a
central theme in the cooperation among Antarctic
Treaty Parties.
 In 1964, the ATCM adopted Agreed Measures for
the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora.
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17.  The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
has published a thorough report on Antarctic
Climate Change. 100 scientists from 13 countries
contribute
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18.  The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the
Antarctic Treaty was signed in Madrid on October 4,
1991 and entered into force in 1998.
 It designates Antarctica as a “natural reserve, devoted
to peace and science” (Art. 2).
 Article 3 of the Environment Protocol sets forth basic
principles applicable to human activities in Antarctica
and Article 7 prohibits all activities relating to
Antarctic mineral resources, except for scientific
research.
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19.  The primary objective in protecting the antarctic is to avoid or
minimize disturbance by human activity. The principles
recommended by SCAR to achieve this comprise:
 The conservation of the diversity and integrity of natural phenomena
and systems, both in the context of the antarctic and planet earth;
 Preservation of the genetic diversity of indigenous biota by ensuring
that adequate representative populations of animals and plants are
maintained in situ;
 Prevention of the introduction and establishment of non-indigenous
species to the greatest extent possible;
 Conservation of unique natural features, localities or complexes of
features and sites of historical importance, which should remain
undisturbed;
 Protection of cultural values, such as scenic beauty and inspirational
quality, wilderness status and recreational potential.3/27/2014 33raj VSIM KHED