IBM's vision of cognitive computing has been steadily embraced across the industries since IBM's Watson question-answering system made a sensational debut at the US Jeopardy! television quiz show in 2011. As a core member of the Watson project, I would like to share the excitement of the project and the last five and a half year of its progress into the cognitive business. In this talk, I will also give a technical overview of Watson, major use cases, and perspectives on the future of cognitive computing. https://tech.rakuten.co.jp/

1. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation
IBM Watson Question-­Answering
System and Cognitive Computing
Koichi Takeda, IBM Distinguished Engineer
IBM Research -­ Tokyo
Oct 21, 2016
Rakuten Technology Conference 2016

2. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation2
Word spread virally of the victory with Twitter reaching
11.7M, 30,121 blog mentions, and 15,025 forum posts
On February 14, 2011, IBM Watson made a history . . .
Watson topped the 3-­day, two Jeopardy!
games with a total score of $77,147 (with
88% accuracy), Ken Jennings scored
$24,000 and Brad Rutter scored $21,600.

3. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation3
Information Sources Latin is an Italic
language originally
spoken in Latium and
Ancient Rome
Watson Question-­Answering Process
WHILE MALTESE
BORROWS MANY
WORDS FROM
ITALIAN,
IT DEVELOPED
FROM A DIALECT
OF THIS SEMITIC
LANGUAGE
DIALING FOR
DIALECTS
Question
Analysis
Maltese-­borrow-­words
Maltese-­borrow-­from-­Italian
It-­developed-­from-­semiitic lang.
THIS-­semitic-­language
???
Answer
Candidate
Generation
Latin?
Arabic?
Spanish?
French?
Evidence
Scoring
Maltese is
descended from
Siculo-­Arabic.
Confidence
Merging &
Ranking
Arabic
Question Answer
Runs the whole processing in a few seconds
All the keywords +
90 x IBM Power 7501 servers
2880 POWER7 cores
POWER7 3.55 GHz chip
500 GB per sec on-­chip bandwidth
10 Gb Ethernet network
15 Terabytes of memory
20 Terabytes of disk, clustered
Can operate at 80 Teraflops

4. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation4
Medical information is
doubling every 5
years*, much of which
is unstructured
81% of physicians
report spending 5
hours or less per
month reading
medical journals
Healthcare Industry is beset with some of the most complex
information challenges we collectively face
Source: International Journal of Circumpolar Health, DoctorDirectory.com, Institute for Medicine"
“Medicine has become too complex (and only) about 20% of the
knowledge clinicians use today is evidence-­based”
-­ Steven Shapiro Chief Medical and Scientific Officer, UPMC
*”73 days” by 2020

5. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation5 5
Business problem:
Need better individualized cancer treatment plans
Solution:
• Suggestions to help inform oncologists’ decisions
based on 600K+ pieces of evidence and 2M pages of
text from 42 publications
• Analyzes patient data against thousands of historical
cases and trained through 5000+ Memorial Sloan-
Kettering MD and analyst hours
• Evolves with the fast-changing field
Attacking the cause
of one in four deaths
Watson Oncology: helping oncologists treat cancer patients
IBM Watson
Oncology
Built with Memorial Sloan Kettering
© 2014 International Business Machines Corporation

6. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation6
Business problem:
Give medical students and doctors easier insight into data to
inform their diagnoses and decisions
Solution:
• Intuitive, new user interface to Watson’s power revealing
chains of evidence to support clinical reasoning
• Analysis of whole EMRs to extract and visually present
summarized knowledge with semantic understanding of
context
WatsonPaths and Watson
EMR Assistant Research
Projects
Cognitive systems
in a classroom-­
based setting
Watson facilitating med school problem-based learning methods

7. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation7
Focus: Enhancement of Student Support and
Quality of Student Experience
Solution: Watson Engagement Advisor used for
development of “Ask Alfred” (after university
namesake, 2nd Australian Prime Minister, Alfred
Deakin) as a comprehensive student advisor
What additional
units do I need to
complete my major?
What student housing
is available nearby
the University?
Iʼ’ve decided I want to work in
financial risk management.
What modules best equip me
for a job?
Information
Advisor
Career
Advisor
Uses: Initial Inquiry,
Enrollment, Registration,
Course Selection,
Progression, Award,
Graduation, Student Finance,
Learning Support, Campus
Information, Housing, Alumni
Information
Course
Advisor
Watson Engagement -­ Deakin University Student Advisor

8. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation8
DBS Bank Engages IBM’s Watson to Achieve Next Generation
Client Experience Collaboration to leverage Big Data and cognitive
computing solutions to transform customer
experience and shape future of banking
SINGAPORE -­ 09 Jan 2014: DBS Bank and IBM today announced
an agreement in which DBS will deploy IBM’s Watson cognitive
computing innovation to deliver a next-­ generation client
experience. This collaboration is part of an ongoing journey by
DBS to shape the future of banking.
For a start, DBS intends to apply Watson to its wealth
management business to improve the advice and experience
delivered to affluent customers. Watson is a cloud-­based
technology that can process enormous amounts of information
with the ability to understand and learn from each interaction at
unprecedented speed, representing a significant shift in the
ability for organizations to quickly analyze, understand and
respond to vast amounts of Big Data.
DBS’ implementation of IBM’s cloud-­based Watson Engagement
Advisor solution – targeted for rollout in the second half of the
year – comes as the bank continues to execute on strategy to be
a leading regional wealth player. DBS will look to progressively
deploy these capabilities to its other businesses over time.
2014/01/09
http://www-­03.ibm.c om/press/us/en/pressrelease/42868.wss

9. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation9
IBM Expands Watson Ecosystem with New
Partnerships, Cognitive Computing Apps and Services
NEW YORK CITY -­ 05 May 2015: IBM (NYSE: IBM)
today announced new commercial partnerships and
cognitive computing apps and services to advance the
adoption of Watson technologies worldwide. As part of
today’s news, the company is also announcing new
partner-­led client engagements to apply the power of
Watson to transform industries and professions.
The news was announced at World of Watson in New
York City, an IBM symposium to address the role of
cognitive computing in a new era of computing with
business and industry leaders. Today’s announcements
highlight a number of new partnerships, in-­market
apps, partner-­led client engagements, and cognitive
computing apps and services, including:
• Watson powered apps and technologies from
Talkspace, Go Moment, Decibel and Epic
• Client engagements with Line Hotel, Centura Health,
and Aberdeen Veterinary Clinic
• Content partnerships with Associated Press and
others to expand Watson’s knowledge base
• AlchemyData service to aggregate, analyze and
organize historical news and editorial data
http://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/46753.wss
2015年5月4日

10. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation10
Elemental Path: CogniToys
https://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/44057.wss
ORLANDO, Fla. -­ 03 Jun 2014: IBM
(NYSE: IBM) today announced the three
winners of the 2014 Watson Mobile
Developer Challenge. This first-­of-­its-­
kind global competition encouraged
developers and entrepreneurs to create
consumer and business apps made with
IBM's Watson cognitive computing
capabilities.
Majestyk Apps – (New York City) F.A.N.G. (Friendly
Anthropomorphic Networked Genome) provides an adaptive
educational relationship with a child and their parents. The first
iteration is a cognitive, cuddly plush companion, using Watson to
provide a customized educational experience assisting each child to
develop through a series of contextual interactions.

11. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation11
Synapses
Neurons
Scheduler
(a)
256 neurons, 64K
synapses, 1MHz
Learning on board
(b)
256 neurons,
256K synapses,
asynchronous,
45 pJ/spike
Neuromorphic Computing
IBM SyNAPSE
San Jose, CA. -­ 07 Aug 2014:
Scientists from IBM (NYSE: IBM)
today unveiled the first neurosynaptic
computer chip to achieve an
unprecedented scale of one million
programmable neurons, 256 million
programmable synapses and 46
billion synaptic operations per second
per watt. At 5.4 billion transistors, this
fully functional and production-­scale
chip is currently one of the largest
CMOS chips ever built, yet, while
running at biological real time, it
consumes a minuscule 70mW—
orders of magnitude less power than a
modern microprocessor. A
neurosynaptic supercomputer the size
of a postage stamp that runs on the
energy equivalent of a hearing-­aid
battery, this technology could
transform science, technology,
business, government, and society by
enabling vision, audition, and multi-­
sensory applications.

12. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation12
Seven of the Nation’s Leading Technology Institutions Unveil
Cognitive Computing Courses Leveraging IBM Watson
ARMONK, N.Y. -­ 07 May 2014: IBM (NYSE: IBM) is
partnering with the country’s leading technology universities
to launch cognitive computing courses that give students
unprecedented access via the cloud to one of the Company’s
most prized innovations: Watson.
For the first time, enrollment is now open for fall 2014
cognitive computing courses at Carnegie Mellon University,
New York University (NYU), The Ohio State University,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), University of
California, Berkeley, University of Michigan and the
University of Texas in Austin.
Co-­designed by the Watson Group and leading academic
experts in fields such as Artificial Intelligence and Computer
Science, the courses will empower students with the
technical knowledge and hands-­on learning required to
develop new cognitive computing applications fueled by
Watson’s intelligence.
Enrolled students will form a business team and together
they will have access to their Watson instance via the
Watson Developer Cloud. As a classroom, they will select an
industry to focus on, such as retail, travel or healthcare, and
then will work as a team to ingest relevant data into Watson
and train it. Ultimately, the students will break into teams
and develop prototype apps and a business plan based on
their Watson industry of choice.
In Fall, 2014, New Courses Will Inspire
University Students to Build Apps
Infused with Watson's Intelligence While
Gaining the Entrepreneurial Vision to
Deliver Their Innovations Into the
Marketplace
www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/43860.wss

13. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation13
Industry Leaders Establish Partnership on AI Best Practices
13
NEW YORK -­ 28 Sep 2016: Amazon,
DeepMind/Google, Facebook, IBM (NYSE:
IBM) and Microsoft today announced that
they will create a non-­profit organization
that will work to advance public
understanding of artificial intelligence
technologies (AI) and formulate best
practices on the challenges and
opportunities within the field. Academics,
non-­profits, and specialists in policy and
ethics will be invited to join the Board of
the organization, named the Partnership
on Artificial Intelligence to Benefit People
and Society (Partnership on AI).
09/28/2016http://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/50668.wss
The objective of the Partnership on AI is to address opportunities and challenges with AI
technologies to benefit people and society. Together, the organization’s members will conduct
research, recommend best practices, and publish research under an open license in areas
such as ethics, fairness and inclusivity;; transparency, privacy, and interoperability;; collaboration
between people and AI systems;; and the trustworthiness, reliability and robustness of the
technology. It does not intend to lobby government or other policymaking bodies.

14. © 2016 International Business Machines Corporation14
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