Empreendedorismo feminino
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Redes e associação para mulheres empreendedoras. Palestra realizada no dia 28/03/2011 na Livraria Cultura do Market Place por Raquel Marques, onde discutimos pesquisas sobre empreendedorismo feminino. Contamos também com a presença de representantes de várias redes de negócios.
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Empreendedorismo feminino
- 1. Empreendedorismo Feminino Redes e associações para mulheres empreendedoras
- 4. No Paquistão... ROOMI, M. A.; PARROTT, G. Barriers to Development and Progression of Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Entrepreneurship , v. 17, n. 1, p. 59-72, 2008. (LONDRES) Capital Terra Tecnologia Treinamento Encorajamento Capital Social Mobilidade
- 5. O que elas levam em consideração? BRUSH, C. G.; BRUIN, A. D.; WELTER, F. A gender-aware framework for women's entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship , v. 1, n. 1, p. 8-24, 2009. (EUA/NOVA ZELANDIA/SUECIA) Management Motherhood Macro Meso Environment Money Market Entrepreuner
- 6. Mompreneurs STEFFEN KORSGAARD (Dinamarca) Mompreneurship as a Challenge to the Growth Ideology of Entrepreneurship Mompreneurs são proprietárias de negócios do sexo feminino comprometidas em equilibrar os papéis de mãe e empresária. Este conceito desafia a suposição, que prevalece na literatura sobre empreendedorismo, que o crescimento econômico é a grande razão do empreendedorismo.
- 7. Expectativas de crescimento MANOLOVA, T. S.; CARTER, N. M.; MANEV, I. M.; GYOSHEV, B. S. The Differential Effect of Men and Women Entrepreneurs' Human Capital and Networking on Growth Expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , v. 31, n. 3, p. 407-426, 2007. ... this study further ascertained that social capital is critically important for shaping entrepreneurial growth expectancies in a transition economy...
- 10. Luluzinha Camp
- 12. Cia das Mães
- 16. O que podemos fazer? Raquel Marques [email_address] Skype: raquel.almeida.marques Tel: 11 82451679
Editor's Notes
- In Pakistan, women entrepreneurs do not enjoy the same opportunities as men due to a number of deep-rooted discriminatory socio-cultural values and traditions. Furthermore, these restrictions can be observed within the support mechanisms that exist to assist such fledgling businesswomen. The economic potential of female entrepreneurs is not being realised as they suffer from a lack of access to capital, land, business premises, information technology, training and agency assistance. Inherent attitudes of a patriarchal society, that men are superior to women and that women are best suited to be homemakers, create formidable challenges. Women also receive little encouragement from some male family members, resulting in limited spatial mobility and a dearth of social capital. The research suggests that in order to foster development, multi-agency cooperation is required. The media, educational policy makers and government agencies could combine to provide women with improved access to business development services and facilitate local, regional and national networks. This would help integration of women entrepreneurs into the mainstream economy.
- An entrepreneur needs to have access to markets ( Schumpeter , 1934 ; Kirzner , 1985 ; Shane , 2003 ), money ( Penrose , 1959 ; Bruno and Tyebjee , 1982 ) and management (in the form of human and organizational capital) ( Aldrich , 1999 ) in order to launch a venture. These encompass what Bates et al. (2007, p. 10) describe as the three “fundamental building blocks” of business viability. We begin with the premise that all entrepreneurship is socially embedded ( Davidsson , 2003 ; Steyaert and Katz, 2004 ), and explicitly explore this embeddedness through incorporation of these two facets. Drawing on the insights of Bates et al. (2007) for an initial platform, we argue that to holistically study women's entrepreneurship and encompass norms, values and external expectations are central to our understanding ( Elam, 2008 ). Not only must the 3Ms be appropriately delineated and qualified to take into account any uniqueness of women's entrepreneurship, but also the framework itself needs extension to “5Ms” with the inclusion of further facets, namely “motherhood” and the “meso” and “macro” environment. “ Motherhood” is a metaphor representing the household/family context[1], thus drawing attention to the fact that family/household contexts might have a larger impact on women than men ( Jennings and McDougald , 2007 ). The “macro/meso environment” captures considerations beyond the market, including factors such as expectations of society and cultural norms, for example reflected in media representations of female entrepreneurs. Macro environment typically includes national policies, strategies, cultural and economic influences; while meso environment reflects regional support policies, services and initiatives ( Dopfer et al. , 2004 ; Pitelis , 2005 ). This dimension includes what Aldrich (1989) labelled as work and organized social life. Both motherhood and the meso-macro environment mediate the entrepreneurial activity of women in different ways, though we strongly emphasise at the outset, that access to money, markets and management (the 3Ms) are essential for founding any venture.
- Mompreneurship is an emergent phenomenon, which has yet to settle on a widely accepted definition or be researched from a social scientific point of view. The very small-scale study mentioned above is the first of its kind as far as the author is aware. A preliminary definition of a mompreneur could be the following: “a female business owner actively balancing the role of mom and of entrepreneur” (Entrepreneur.com 2006: 1). The concept of mompreneur thus links to the definition of entrepreneurship as the formation of new firms. The analysis of the documents revealed three elements that are central in this phenomenon: 1) a need to strike a balance between the needs of one’s workplace or career on the one hand and the needs of one’s family on the other, 2) the desire for a work environment unen-cumbered with an immediate supervisor impervious to and unconcerned with the needs of one’s family and 3) the desire to combine the first two elements with excit-ing and challenging work experiences. This can be seen in the following quotations from the study cited earlier:
- Women-owned businesses are the fastest growing sector of new venture ownership in the United States. Although women's access to, and use of, debt and venture capital financing have been explored, comparatively little is known about women's access to capital from private equity investors. In this paper, we examine the equality of women's access to angel capital. The research suggests that women seek angel financing at rates substantially lower than that of men, but have an equal probability of receiving investment. We also document that women are more likely to seek, and to a lesser extent receive, financing from women angels. Keywords: Women entrepreneurs; Women business angels; Angel capital