Using Public Buses as Mobile Gateways in VANET Clouds

Using Public Buses as Mobile Gateways
in Vehicular Clouds
Rasheed Hussain*, Fizza Abbas*, Junggab Son*, Sangjin Kim**, and Heekuck Oh*
*Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea
**Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education,
South Korea

Rasheed Hussain
PhD Candidate, Hanyang University, South Korea
rasheed@hanyang.ac.kr

IEEE ICCE 2014, January 10, Las Vegas, USA
HANYANG UNIVERSITY ERICA
INFORMATION SECURITY & PRIVACY LAB.


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Agenda
Theme
Motivation
Problem Statement
Introduction
Baseline
Proposed Scheme
Benefits of the Proposed Scheme
Conclusion

Information Security & Privacy Laboratory @ Hanyang University ERICA

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Main Theme
Role of public transport in VANET and its successor
VANET-based Clouds
Using the highly predictable mobility dynamics of buses
(time and space) for services in vehicular clouds
Using buses as mobile gateways in the gradual
deployment of VANET-based clouds
For instance Data aggregation in VANET-based clouds
Do we really need RSUs in urban areas?!


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Motivation
Trust in VANET
User and location privacy requirements in VANET
Uniformity of transmission range
Vehicular density
Initial stages of VANET
Deployment of RSUs
Advantages of Tall vehicles
How to make a successful comm. among cars and
infrastructure
Cost-effective way to use the already-established
infrastructure


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Problem Statement
Initial stage of VANET is likely to face infrastructure
deployment problem
For instance deployment of RSUs
Governments might get reluctant in spending money while being
not sure of its success

There are schemes and/or standards that enable V2V
and V2I communications, but in V2I, the ‘I’ part is to be
deployed beforehand in optimized fashion
How to enable vehicles to communicate with each other
and with Infrastructure efficiently?
These questions will be answered in this research


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Introduction [1/4]
VANET
Key players: Vehicles, RSUs, Mgt. and Revocation authorities
Communication paradigms: V2X (𝑋 ∈ {𝑉, 𝐼})
Zero infrastructure
Infrastructure-based

Application Classes: Safety, Non-safety, and Infotainment
Standards
DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication) IEEE 802.11p
Communication Range: Up to 1000m but normally 300m

Situation awareness is achieved through beacon messages
Local and extended traffic views

Despite of a fairly good amount of research, VANET still
couldn’t make it to the deployment stage!

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Introduction [2/4]
Vehicles are not century old boxes anymore!
Today’s vehicles are resource-rich
Different perspectives
Vehicles will waste resources (and they are doing now)
Vehicles on their own cannot handle some applications

VANETs evolved to VANET-based clouds and it is
becoming buzzword in the research community
VANET-based clouds services are still underway and
being researched
We aim at the services that use beacons as input


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Introduction [3/4]
VC Taxonomy [Hussain et al. IEEE CloudCom 2012]
VANET
Clouds
Vehicular
Clouds
Static
Clouds

Vehicles using
Clouds

Dynamic
Clouds

Hybrid (InterVehicle Clouds)

CAA

Rent-out
Resources

IaaS

Rented
Resources

Traffic
Information

P2P

Data
Storage

IaaS and
NaaS

Infotainment

IaaS and
NaaS
Pay-asyou-go


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Introduction [4/4]
Traffic Lights Management on a large scale
Rush hours or a concert at a city hall

A jammed highway
Traffic directed to another route
Worst case would jam the new route instead of jammed highway

Cloud in a parking lot
Rent out resources

Planned Evacuation and more
Dynamic HoV (High Occupancy Veh.) Lane designation
NaaS (Network as a Service)
Internet, advertisements, pay-as-you-go services, Storage as service

VWaaS (Vehicle Witnesses as a Service) [Hussain et al.]
To appear in IEEE CloudCom 2013


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Preliminaries [1/2]
Network and System Model
VANET
Public, semi-public, and private vehicles
Registration and Revocation Authorities
Road-side Infrastructure
Public Buses infrastructure

Cloud Infrastructure
Cloud service provider(s)
Multi-cloud environment

Network Model
Urban scenario with public transport (Buses)
Road network with fixed routes and bus stops
Almost all or at least major part of the urban locality is covered by the
bus routes


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Preliminaries [2/2]
Bus network (Seoul Station)


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Baseline
Related work on Public Transport in VANET
Key Updates ()
Routing ()
Next Hop & Relayer ()
Mobile Gateway ()
Aggregation ()
Service Providers ()

Our Emphasis
Generalized approach as full fledge MGs (Mobile Gateways)
Infotainment, Aggregation

Use-Case
Aggregation in VANET-based Clouds
V2C Communication


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Proposed Scheme [1/7]
Communication Model
MG is intermediate between vehicles and Infra.
MG collects data from vehicles, classifies, compresses, aggregates
and sends it to cloud for processing
Skip List concept in case of unicast communication
Vehicles
Broadcast beacons according to DSRC standard
Service requests

MG
Broadcasts service messages from service providers with QoS
information
Receives messages from neighbors and aggregates them
Sends Aggregated Messages (AMs) to cloud
Disseminates warning messages and traffic information among vehicles


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Architecture
SL Level 1

VANET

Cloud

Aggregated
Message

4G
DSRC

SL

Skip List

Services
Gateway
SL Level 2

SL Level 3


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Road is dissected into segments beforehand and buses construct 𝐴𝑀
for every segment it passes through (one-hop)
If there are more than one bus in the segment, then at certain time,
one of them will be elected as segment leader and it will rotate

Messages
Beacon: 𝐵 𝑖 = 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎||𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡||𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞. , 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
AM (Aggregated Message)
𝐴𝑀 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑀 𝑖 𝑎 ||𝐴𝑀 𝑖 𝑏 , 𝑎: 𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑏: 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑗

𝐴𝑀 𝑖 [𝑗 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)] =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑝||𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝐼𝐷 ||𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝐷 ||𝑙𝑜𝑐 𝑐𝑢𝑟 ||𝐴𝑔𝑔. 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑟 ||(𝑆𝑅1 , 𝑆𝑅2 , … , 𝑆𝑅 𝑛 )
𝐴𝑔𝑔. 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑟 can be either 𝐴𝑔𝑔. 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑎 or 𝐴𝑔𝑔. 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑏
𝑙𝑜𝑐 𝑐𝑢𝑟 is the starting point of current segment, 𝑆𝑅 is the service request
𝑆𝑅 𝑖 = ∆𝑡||𝑠. 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒||∆𝑙𝑜𝑐||ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔||𝑄𝑜𝑆 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥


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Warning Messages
𝑊𝑀: 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑝||𝑤. 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒||𝑙𝑜𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 ||𝑙𝑜𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑑 ||𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Overlapping segments
Should MG handle it or Cloud?
Both approaches have pros and cons
Dynamic is more challenging (segment size?)
Static approach puts the load on cloud where dynamic does it on MG
Handover is the problem in dynamic approach
Best choice seems to be Cloud
A
C

E
D

B


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Algorithm
1. Procedure: Aggregate
2. Input: 𝑩 𝒊 ∈ 𝑩[𝒕 𝒊−𝟏 ,𝒕 𝒊]
3. Output: 𝑨𝑴 𝒕 𝒊 , Aggregated message at time 𝒕 𝒊
4. Receive beacons from neighbors in the broadcast period and receive SA (
Service Advertisements) from service providers
5. Broadcast SAs to the neighbors in transmission range
6. Examine the receive buffer
7. Do {
8.
Extract mobility data and 𝑆𝑅 from 𝐵 𝑖 and store in 𝐴𝑀 buffer and 𝑆𝑅
buffer respectively}
9. While (End of receive buffer)
10. Construct 𝐴𝑀
11. Send 𝐴𝑀 to the cloud

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Feasibility


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Advantages of our Proposed Scheme
No need for extensive location and user privacy concerns in MGs
Synchronization in Key updates
Initial stages of VANET would get much out of this scheme
No static infrastructure needed at the first deployment stage
Mobile gateways add flexibility to the system at daytime

Potential Issues
Night time
But at night time keeping the traffic density in mind, such mechanism
would not be necessary

Future Plan
Look into the financial comparison between two approaches


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Conclusions
Public Transport buses used as mobile gateways to
cloud and VANET infrastructure
Urban scenario where buses cover almost all the roads
of the city
Buses are tall and have an edge for better beacon
reception rate
Targets the problems posed by the static RSU infra.
Separate comm. channels (DSRC and 3/4G)
Aggregation is taken as a use-case in the proposed
scheme


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Using Public Buses as Mobile Gateways in VANET Clouds

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