2. Greek : gṓ nḗ : angle , Ộs’k-pḗ :
view
Alexois Trantas:(1907)
First visualized angle in an eye
with Keratoglobus
Maximilian Salsmann:(1914)
Father of Gonioscopy. First
introduced Goniolens
3. Koeppe :
Designed improved Contact lens and gave the
method biomicroscopy of angle of anterior
Chamber with slit lamp.
Manuel Uribe Troncoso:
Developed Gonioscope for magnification &
illumination of Angle.
First to write a Comprehensive book on
Gonioscopy
4. Otto Barkan:
Established use of Gonioscopy
in Management of Glaucoma.
Goldmann:(1938)
Introduced Gonioprism.
5. Critical Angle: Cornea Air Interface~46degree
Light rays from Angle exceeds Critical angle so rays
reflected back into AC,preventing direct visualisation of
Angle
8. LENS DESCRIPTION
KOEPPE Prototype Diagnostic Lens
RICHARDSON SHAFFER Small Koeppe Lens used for
Infants
LAYDEN For Gonioscopic Examination
of Premature Infants
BARKAN Prototype Surgical Goniolens
THORPE Surgical & Diagnostic lens for
Operating Rooms
SWAN JACOB Surgical Goniolens used in
Children
9. Used with Handheld Biomicroscope (15x to 20x) with
separate light source
10.
11.
12. LENS DESCRIPTION
GOLDMANN SINGLE MIRROR Mirror inclined at 62 degrees
GOLDMANN THREE MIRROR One mirror for gonioscopy, two for retina;
coated front surface for laser use
ZEISS FOUR MIRROR All 4 mirrors inclined at 64 degrees for
gonio;requires holder;fluid bridge not
required.
POSNER FOUR MIRROR Modified Zeiss four mirror gonioprism
with attached handle
SUSSMAN FOUR MIRROR Handheld Zeiss type Gonioprism
THORPE FOUR MIRROR Four gonioscopy mirrors; inclined at 62
degrees;requires fluid bridge
RITCH TRABECULOPLASTY
LENS
Four gonioscopy mirrors; two inclined at
59 degrees & two at 62 degrees with
convex lens over two
LATINA TRABECULOPLASTY
LENS
One mirror for Trabeculoplasty
13.
14.
15.
16. All 4 mirrors inclined at 64 degrees for gonio
23. ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Observer’s height can be
changed
Done on sedated, comatosed
& Children
Panoramic view of Angle
Less distortion of AC
Useful in examining fundus
with small pupil
Inconvinient
Special equipments required
Difficult to master
Does not Stabilize globe
24. ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Quick & Convinient
No special equipment
required
Allows differentiation B/w
Appositional & Synechial
closure
Can create corneal wedge
Inadverent Pressure on
Cornea
Mirror image is confusing
25. DIRECT INDIRECT
Panoramic view of
iridocorneal angle with
ability to adjust view by
examiner.
Both eyes can be examined
simultaneously.
No viscous [ coupling ]
material required.
Direct view for surgery e.g.
Goniotomy
DISADV: Inability to
perform indentation, low
magnification, assistance.
Segmental View
One Eye at a time
Viscous required
Mirror Image seen
Excellent optics with Slit
Lamp
Indentation Can be Done
26. Classification : Open or Closed angle glaucoma
To assess AC angle recess & risk of angle closure.
To identify plateau iris.
To look for Abnormal angle pigmenatation,
PEX ,
angle recession,
cyclodialysis,
foreign body,
Neoplasm,
copper deposition ,
blood in Schlemm’s canal.
30. This structural portion
of ciliary body is visible
in the A.C. as a result of
iris insertion into ciliary
body
Width depends on level
of iris insertion
Wider in myopes and
narrow in hyperopia
Color: grey to dark
brown
31.
32. This is the post. Lip of
scleral sulcus which is
attached to the ciliary
body posteriorly and
corneo-scleral
meshwork anteriorly
Color : prominent
white line
33. Pigmented band anterior to scleral spur
Although extent of TMW is from root of iris to
schwalbe’s line it is considered as 2 portions
a) Anterior - between schwalbe’s line and ant. Edge of
schlemm’s cannal
Involved in lesser degree of aqueous out flow
b) Posterior – Functional part , primary site of aqueous out
flow
Appearance of funtional TMW depends on
amount of pigment deposition
34. At birth no pigment and
with age from faint to
dark brown
Pigment deposition may
be homogeneous or
irregular
When lightly pigmented
blood reflex in
schlemm’s cannal may
be seen as a red band
35. When a thin slit of light hits the irido-corneal angle at
an angle of 10⁰-15⁰, two light reflections are seen from
the external and internal corneal surfaces which pipe
down at the sclero-corneal junction (Schwalbe’s line)
marking the anterior border of trabecular meshwork.
Corneal wedge is a useful technique to identify the
trabecular meshwork in eyes that are either
nonpigmented or excessively pigmented its diff. to
mark trabecular meshwork begins
36.
37.
38.
39. Junction between
anterior chamber angle
structures and cornea
where the descement’s
membrane terminates
Fine ridge ant. to TMW
identified by a small
built up of pigment
Landmark for TMW in
narrow angle
40.
41.
42. Contour
Flat- Deep AC
Concave- Shallow AC , Hyperopia
Convex- High Myopia, Pigment Dispersion Syndrome
Abnormal Rolling- Plateau iris
43. IRIS PROCESS PAS
Fine
Extend into scleral Spur
Follow concavity of Recess
Underlying Structures are
seen
Iris moves with indentation
Broken with angle
Recession
Broad
Extend Beyond Scleral Spur
Bridge concavity of Recess
Obscures the View
Resists Movement
Intact in Recession
44. NORMAL NEOVASCULARIZATION
Radial Orientation
Thick
Non Branching
Do not cross Scleral Spur
Fine
Arborising
Crosses Scleral Spur
45.
46. Over the Hill
Corneal Wedging
Indentation
47. It’s a special maneuver
to view over a steep iris.
It is done by asking
the patient to look in
the direction of the
mirror or moving the
mirror towards the
angle being viewed
48. When iris covers the trabecular meshwork
(TM) its easy to mistake:
◦ The non-pigmented TM for scleral spur
◦ Pigmented Schwalbe’s line for TM
◦ Apposition from synechiae
Indentation Gonioscopy is particularly useful
in these cases
49.
50. Useful when iris surface is convex
◦ Done when recognition of angle structures is
difficult
Performed in all glaucoma cases
◦ Differentiates appositional vs synechial
closure in pupillary block
◦ Measures extent of angle closure
◦ Identifies plateau iris config.
◦ Identifies lens induced angle closure
51.
52.
53.
54. If posterior [ pigmented ] part of trabecular
meshwork is not visible in more than 180
degrees of angle without indentation or
manipulation, this is known as an ‘ occludable
angle’.
55.
56.
57. SCHEIE SYSTEM:
most posterior structure visible.
SHAFFER’S SYSTEM :
assess geometric angle width in 4 grades .
angle potential for occlusion.
SPAETH SYSTEM :
three dimentional structure of angle -
level of iris insertion and peripheral iris
configuration.
RPC GRADING
58. GRADE STRUCTURE SEEN PROBABILITY
0 CBB Seen No angle closure
I CBB Narrow No angle closure
II CBB not seen, SS Seen Rarely closure
possible
III Posterior TM Not seen Closure likely
IV Schwalbe’s Line not seen Gonioscopicaly
closed
62. IRIS PROCESSES PIGMENTATION OF TBM
U – along angle recess
V – upto trabecular
meshwork
W – upto Scwalbe’s Line
0 no pigmentation
1+ just perceptible
2+ definite but mild
3+ moderately dense
4+ dense black
pigmentation
63. GRADE STRUCTURE SEEN
0 CLOSED
1 SCHWALBE’S LINE
2 ANTERIOR(NON
PIGMENTED) TM
3 POSTERIOR PIGMENTED
TM
4 SCLERAL SPUR
5 CILIARY BODY BAND
6 ROOT OF IRIS
64. Angle is Deep
Flat Iris inserted posterior to Scleral Spur
Translucent Trabecular Meshwork
Normal CBB
In Congenital Glaucoma:
Anterior insertion of iris directly on TBM
Thin CBB
Congenital vessels in ‘’Hair Pin’’
Configuration
83. Wash with soap & water
Soaking the lens for 5-10 min in fresh solution of Sod.
Hypochlorite [ 1:10 household bleach : water]
Rinsing with sterile water
Air drying
3% H2O2 or 1% Formaldehyde can also be used.
Direct surgical gonioscopes [ Koeppe, Swan Jacob] can
be sterilized with ethylene oxide.
85. Painful inflamed eye
Acute glaucoma with edematous cornea
Mydriatic drugs- obscure angle by bunching up iris
Suspected open globe injury or early in course of
suspected closed globe injury with hyphaema as
pressure may precipitate rebleed.
86.
87. High Frequency (50 – 100
Mhz)B Scan system
Ocular structures anterior to
Pars Plana
Lateral Resolution 50mm
Axial Resolution 25mm
Depth of penetration 4-5mm
Field of View 4x4mm
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94. High Resolution Anterior
Segment Imaging Modality
Spatial Resolution of 10-20µm
Uses 1310 nm of Infra Red light
Works on Principle of Low
Coherence Interferometry
Measures: Echotime delay &
Intensity of Back Scattered light
& Back Reflected Light
95.
96.
97.
98. Imaging of Anterior Chamber
Evaluation of Structural Causes of Angle
Closure
Effects of Interventions like Iridotomy
Imaging of Trabeculectomy Blebs
Tube Position in Glaucoma Drainage Implants
Angle Assesment in Corneal Opacities
Pachymetry
Large Scale Screening of Angle Closure &
Angle Closure Glaucoma
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104. AS OCT UBM
Non Contact
Axial Resolution 10-20µm
Light Energy
90 degree patient
Technician Set up
Precise Scanning Location
(Degrees)
Posterior Chamber not Well
Delineated
No distortion of Angle
All 4 quadrants at a time
Contact
Axial Resolution 50µm
Sound Energy
Supine
Scanning Location less
precise(Quadrants)
Posterior Chamber Well
Delineated
Distortion of Angle
1 Quadrant at a time
Editor's Notes
Prototype Surgical Goniolens
Surgical Goniolens used in Children
Mirror inclined at 62 degrees, requires fluid bridge as post radius of curvature of 7.38mm
One mirror for gonioscopy, two for retina; coated front surface for laser use w/c is for antireflection
Unger holder, post radi of curvature 8.4mm so no fluid bridge
At 59 for inerior qudrants & 64 for superior angles wid 17D Planoconvex lens over 2 mirror provide 1.4x magnification w/c reduces 50um spot size to 35 um.
Semi dim light, cornea anaesthetised,patient properly made to sit comfortably,illummination & viewing arm parallel wid a slit of 2x2 mm.
May be obscured by
Iris process
iris bombe
Peripheral anterior synechiae
pigments
AOD Angle opening Distance….Corneal Endothelium to ant iris perpendline from trabecular meshwork,…. TCPD Trabecular MeshworkCiliary Process Distance Distance between Trab &Ciliary Process