2. One problem is that the word grammar means different things to
different people. For many the term suggests a list of do’s ant don'ts,
rules that tell us we should say It is I, not It is me, that we should not say
ain’t or we should avoid ending a sentence with a preposition.
Introduction: grammar and grammars
PROBLEMS
3. Grammars with rules that make distinctions between correct and
incorrect forms are defined as prescriptive grammars. Grammars that do
not make these distinctions that aim to describe language as it is
actually used or called descriptive grammars
RULES
4. For applied linguistics , the focus is more pedagogical grammar type of
grammar designed for the needs of second language students and
teachers.
APPLIED LINGUISTICS
5. differ greatly, on whether they are formal grammars or functional
grammars. Chomsky’s generative theory is based on a rationalist
approach, the central assumption being that language is represented as
a speaker’s mental grammar, a set of abstract rules for generating
grammatical sentences. Form and function
MODELS OF GRAMMAR
6. an anthropological linguist, developed a functional model that focuses
more on appropriate use of language, that is on how language functions
in discourse. In applied linguistics the influence of these theoretical
models is evident in various areas.
HYMES (1972)
7. In terms of descriptive grammars, there still remain questions about
what it is exactly, that should be described. With the development of
computers and computer analysis of language, token descriptions are
now possible on a massive scale, and such descriptions have
revolutionalized the way we view language
DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMER
8. Speakers and writers make grammatical choices that depend on
contextual features and how they wish to position themselves in the
world. Discourse grammar
SPEAKERS AND WRITERS
9. Corpus studies also reveal important distinctions between spoken and
written grammar. Carter and McCarthy (1995) believe that differences
between spoken and written grammar are especially important for
pedagogical grammars, since descriptions that rest on the written mode
or on the restricted genres and registers of spoken language are likely to
omit many common features of everyday informal grammar and usage.
Spoken and written grammar
CORPUS STUDIES
10. The interdependence of lexis and grammar is that of prefabricated
chunks of language in which boundary between the two becomes even
more blurred. Native speakers tend to use a great many expressions that
act as single lexical words and grammatical structures. Lexicogrammar :
the problem of defining boundaries
LEXIS AND GRAMMAR
11. Withy the awareness that formulaic language is a prevalent as it is, it is clearly the
case that we should be thinking more in terms of lexicogrammar , rather then
thinking solely of morphology and syntax . Due to the multifaceted nature of
grammar and the learning processes, we must recognized that the teaching of
grammar itself is complex and multidimensional and may require a variety of
teaching approaches. conclusion
THE VIEWS OF GRAMMAR HAVE
CHANGED OVER THE YEARS .
