2. Conscious-raising Approach
developed by Smith (1981) and Rutherford (1987)
Are approach in pedagogical grammar
Also known by its acronym CR
Basically a cognitive approach to grammatical
instruction
Does not teach grammatical rules and principles as
done in traditional prescriptive grammar rather helps
learners discover for themselves aspects of the
grammatical structure by showing the grammatical
counterparts of ungrammatical construction.
Students are asked to judge sentences and make
connections on the sentence.
3. Smith and Rutherford use this
approach to call the attention of
the features of the ergatives.
4. VERB
TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE
ERGATIVE UNERGATIVE
WITH TRANSITIVE WITHOUT TRANSITIVE
COUNTERPART COUNTERPART
5. Examples for Ergatives
1.
A. The heat of the sun melted the ice.(transitive, active
voice)
B. The ice was melted by the heat of the sun. (transitive,
passive voice)
C. The ice melted because of the heat of the sun.
(intransitive, ergative)
2.
A. The burglar broke the window. (transitive, active voice)
B. The window was broken by the burglar. (transitive,
Passive voice)
C. The window broke to pieces. (intransitive, ergative)
6. ERGATIVE WITH A TRANSITIVE ERGATIVES W/O A TRANSITIVE
COUNTERPART COUNTERPART
1.A) The water was boiled to A) The water rose to
make it safe for drinking. dangerous levels.
B) The water boiled
2.A) I accidentally burst the 2. The leaves fell.
balloon.
B)The balloon burst
7. ACTIVITY
Direction: Write the letter that best describes the
grammaticality of the sentences in the dialogue.
A. CLEARLY GOOD ENGLISH( GRAMMATICAL
ENGLISH )
B. PROBABLY GOOD ENGLISH
C. PROBABLY BAD ENGLISH
D. CLEARLY BAD ENGLISH( UNGRAMMATICAL
ENGLISH )
8. STUDENT A: HI! HOW’S IT GOING?
1. STUDENT B: MY GRADES IMPROVED LAST QUARTER
2. A: ARE YOUR COURSES VERY TOUGH?
3. B: MY COURSES CAN CLASSIFY INTO TWO TYPES
4. SOME COURSES MUST STUDY HARD TO GET A
PASSING GRADE.
5. SOME COURSES CAN PASS WITHOUT TRYING.
A: (POINTING TO THE BROKEN WINDOW)
6. WHAT WAS HAPPENED HERE?
7. B: THE WINDOW WAS BROKEN BY THE KIDS NEXT
DOOR.
8. THEY SHOULD HAVE PUNISHED.
9. 9. A: WHAT ABOUT THE MIRROR?
10.B: THE MIRROR SHATTERED DURING THE LAST
EARTHQUAKE.
11. A: SAY, DO YOU HAVE ANYTHING TO EAT HERE? I’M
STARVED!
12. B: THIS PIZZA CAN HEAT UP IN THE OVEN QUICKLY.
13. OR TRY THIS ORANGES THEY WERE GROWN BY MY
GRANDMOTHER.
14. WHEN THEY ARE RIPE, THEY ARE FALLEN DOWN
EVERYWHERE.
15. A: SHE MUST BE SPENT A LOT OF TIME IN THE
GARDEN.
10. -Subject is the receiver of the
action yet the verb form remains
the same.
- Are class of “ change-of-state
intransitive verbs”
- Also called unaccusative which
denotes lack of volational
control.
