3. Politics
– The activities associated with
the governance of a country or area,
especially the debate between parties
having power.
4. Discourse
– According to Fairclough (1989) the term refers to
“the whole process of interaction of which a text
is just a part” (Fairclough, 1989, p.24).
5. Political Discourse
– Political discourse can be simply marked as the
discourse of politicians, i.e. their text and talk,
and their professional activities. The topics
discussed usually come from public events that
require collective decision-making, policies,
regulations or legislation. (Van Dijk 2001. 4)
6. Political Discourse
– According to Schaffner (1996), political discourse, as a sub-
category of discourse in general, can be based on two
criteria: functional and thematic. Political discourse is a
result of politics and it is historically and culturally
determined. It fulfills different functions due to different
political activities. It is thematic because its topics are
primarily related to politics such as political activities,
political ideas and political relations.
7. Domains of Politics
– Political Systems
These systems are among the most obvious
commonsense categories of the domain of
politics: Communism, dictatorship,
democracy, fascism, or the social democracy.
8. Domains of Politics
– Political Institutions
The domain of politics is typically analyzed as
consisting of a number of political institutions, which,
top down, organize the political field, actors and
actions, such as the State, Governments, Parliament or
Congress (the Legislature), city councils, state agencies,
and so on.
9. Domains of Politics
– Political Organizations
Less (legally, constitutionally) official are the
large number of political organizations that
structure political action, such as political
parties, political clubs, NGOs, and so on.
10. Analysis
– The present study deals with the analysis of
political discourse of the speech used by Benazir
Bhutto, the former Prime minister of Pakistan
(1988-1990 and 1993-1996). The political speech
under the study is the last speech of her life. The
speech has got great influence over the public .
11. Analysis
The following headings and subheadings have been identified
from the contents of the speech for analysis.
1- emotional attachment
2- Mind Control
3- Mitigating evidence and Bhutto’s legacy
4- Glorification of the party
5- contradiction
6- Historical distortion
7-Rehtoric art of speaking
8-Creating enemy images
12. Emotional Attachment
“These are the slogans as I have come to Rawalpindi today, I
understand this is the city of brave and sacrificing people; I
consider Rawalpindi as my second home. When Bhutto Sahib was
a minister, I used to live here; I used to go to a school at
Rawalpindi. I have seen moments of joy and gloomy times in
Rawalpindi. I must say that the brave people of Rawalpindi have
been with me in moments of happiness; brave sisters and
brethren of this city stood by me in hours of our sadness; they
have never let me alone”.
13. Emotional Attachment
speech starts with city name
people usually have great affiliation with their home town
second home, positive image
motivates public they were with her in good and bad
people with her in future
14. Mind Control
“The people of this city love democracy and have never bowed
their head before autocratic regimes. Gen ZiaulHaq came and let
the reign of terror loose; young people were persecuted and sent
to jail; young Abdul Hameed burnt himself to death and Idris
Tooti was hanged. Thousands of workers were flogged and made
to face brutal treatment at Lahore’s Shahe Fort. Yet, they did not
leave their sister and the Pakistan People’s Party.”
15. Mind Control
– control people from by quoting from past who
are unaware of past
– they believe the information in the discourse
tends to be right and accurate.
16. Mitigating Evidence and Bhutto
legacy
“Quaid-i-Awam Shaheed Bhutto established the Pakistan
People’s Party for the poor, hopeless and the oppressed
people. He worked for the welfare of the down trodden in
his government. He made the defense of Pakistan inviolable
and the comity of nations held our country in esteem and
respect.”
17. Mitigating Evidence and Bhutto
legacy
speaker’s party is for poor and helpless, if they will vote , party will keep addressing
them.
she portray's the picture of her father,
keeps legacy
bhuttoism
through her surname
18. Glorification of Party
“the country cannot be said to be strong in defense and
security no matter if it has nuclear power or missile
technology. Such a country is always vulnerable to the
dangers and conspiracies of the elements that are unsavory
in approach and attitude towards the country; they will
exploit the situation to their benefit.”
20. Historical distortion
“When the daughter of the Quaid-i-Awam came to power…the
Pakistan People’s Party always made hectic efforts to make
Pakistan strong… And when you elected your sister you did not
only elect a prime minister but also the first woman head of
government in the whole of the Muslim world… whenever the
Pakistan People’s Party came into power; it has held progress,
development and improving the economic lot of the people in the
highest priority… We have made strong governments and this
strength was bestowed upon our governments by the people…
22. Rhetoric Art of Speaking
“We understand that with this programme in practice, we will be
able to fulfill the promise of the Quaid-i-Awam and the People’s
Party”. Benazir Shaheed then raised the slogan -- roti, kapra and
makan, mangrahahaidharinsaan (bread, clothing and home for
all) and the people responded with the full throat slogans, “Zinda
Hai Bhutto Zinda Hai, KalBhi Bhutto ZindaThaAajBhi Bhutto Zinda
Hai, Nara-i-Bhutto, Jiye Bhutto, Jiye Bhutto. “
23. Rhetoric Art of Speaking
One of the major techniques is used in the above excerpt to control the audience.
That technique is repetition operations of sentences at the high level of sound.
These sorts of repetitions attract the audience towards the speaker.
24. Content Analysis of frequently
used words
Content analysis of frequently used words by the speaker
was done to find out the influence of these words over the
whole speech. The speech consists of about 3,450 words
where the word You was used most frequently for about 54
times which refers to the audience. The frequent
occurrence of this word is a sign of Speaker’s influential
way to attract the audience.
25. Words Repeated Intended meanings
you 54 The most repeated word
‘You’ shows that influential
art of speaking to show
the concern of the speaker
towards the audience. To
give importance to the
audience.
I 28 Personal attribute shows
the subjective approach of
the speaker in speech
26. Conclusion
The content Analysis of most repeated words in the above
table shows the word I was used for 28 times, the word Me
was used for 07 times. The word Your sister was used for 07
times. The word Daughterwas used for 03 times. The word
We was used for 20 times. Adding all together speaker
speaks of herself for 65 times.
27. conclusion
The way historical references are cited in the speech is the
deliberate attack on the minds of the audience to control
them. Most of the audience is unaware of the past events
and they do not have sufficient knowledge about the past
events to challenge the speaker’s information so they take
the information in the discourse as right and accurate.
