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Grading and reporting
1.
Copyright © Wondershare
Software
2.
Copyright © Wondershare
Software
3.
Copyright © Wondershare
Software Objectives At the end of the discussion, the participants will be able to: • Describe the various types of grading and reporting systems • Utilize the grading and reporting systems effectively using the guidelines
4.
Aim of Grading
and Reporting System To provide results in brief, understandable form for various users Copyright © Wondershare Software
5.
Copyright © Wondershare
Software • What should I count – just achievement or effort too? • How do I interpret a student’s score? • Do I compare it to: – other students’ scores (norm referenced) – a standard of what they can do (criterion-referenced) – some estimate of what they are able to do (learning potential, or self-referenced)? • What should my distribution of grades be and how do I determine it? • How do I display student progress or strengths and weaknesses, to students and their parents?
6.
Educational Evaluation •
Measurement and assessment of learning – Copyright © Wondershare Software first two steps • Grading and reporting – two terminal stages in the process
7.
FUNCTIONS OF GRADING
AND REPORTING SYSTEMS Copyright © Wondershare Software
8.
Enhancing Students Learning
• Clarifying instructional objectives for them • Showing students’ strengths & weaknesses • Providing information on personal-social Copyright © Wondershare Software development • Enhancing students’ motivation (e.g., short term goals) • Indicating where teaching might be modified This can be achieved through day-to-day tests, feedback, integrated periodic tests
9.
Reports to Parents/Guardians
• Inform parents/guardians on the progress of Copyright © Wondershare Software their child • Communicate objectives to parents so they can help promote learning • Communicate how well objectives are met so parents can plan better
10.
Administrative and Guidance
Uses • Helps to decide promotion, graduation, honors, Copyright © Wondershare Software athletic eligibility • Report achievement to other schools or to employers • Provide input for realistic, educational, vocational, personal counselling
11.
Grades and Report
Cards • Should promote and enhance learning rather than frustrate and discourage students • Given to students and parents are asked to Copyright © Wondershare Software sign this • Call for parent-teacher conferences such that report cards will effectively function as motivation for further learning
12.
TYPES OF GRADING
AND REPORTING SYSTEMS Copyright © Wondershare Software
13.
Traditional Letter- Grade
system • Students’ performance are summarized by Copyright © Wondershare Software means of letters • Easy to understand but is of limited value when used as the sole report • They end up being a combination of achievement, effort, work habits, behavior • Difficult to interpret • Do not indicate patterns of strengths & weaknesses
14.
A •Excellent B
•Good C •Average D •Needs Improvement F •Failure Copyright © Wondershare Software
15.
Pass-Fail System •
Utilizes a dichotomous grade system Copyright © Wondershare Software Pass Fail
16.
Pass-Fail System •
Popular in some courses in college; not very much practiced in basic education • Does not provide much information • Students tend to work to the minimum (just Copyright © Wondershare Software to pass) • In mastery learning courses, no grades are reflected until “mastery” threshold is reached
17.
Checklist of Objectives
• Objectives of the courses are enumerated • After each objective, the students’ level of Copyright © Wondershare Software achievement is indicated • Very detailed reporting system • More informative for parents and students • Time-consuming to prepare • POTENTIAL PROBLEM: keeping list manageable and understandable
18.
Copyright © Wondershare
Software Objective 1 • Fair Objective 2 • Outstanding Objective 3 • Very Good Objective 4 • Poor Objective 5 • Good
19.
Letters to Parents/Guardians
• Useful supplement to grades • Limited value as sole report: – Time-consuming to prepare – Accounts of weaknesses are often misinterpreted by parents and guardians – Not systematic nor cumulative Copyright © Wondershare Software
20.
Copyright © Wondershare
Software September 6, 2014 Dear Parents, A huge wave of zombies is approaching. Respectfully, Teacher Dave
21.
Portfolios • A
set of purposefully selected work, with commentary by student and teacher Copyright © Wondershare Software • Useful for: – Showing students’ strengths & weaknesses – Illustrating range of students’ work – Showing progress over time or stages of a project – Teaching students about objectives/standards they are to meet
22.
Parent-Teacher Conferences •
Mainly used in elementary school • Requires parents of pupils to come for a conference with the teacher to discuss the pupils’ progress • Useful for a two-way flow of information and getting more information from parents • Limited value as a report because most parents do not come for such conferences Copyright © Wondershare Software
23.
Copyright © Wondershare
Software
24.
DEVELOPMENT OF A
GRADING AND REPORTING SYSTEM Copyright © Wondershare Software
25.
Grading and Reporting
• Based on clear statement of learning Copyright © Wondershare Software objectives • Consistent with school standards • Based on adequate assessment • Based on the right level of detail • Providing for parent-teacher conferences as needed
26.
ASSIGNING LETTER GRADES
AND COMPUTING GRADES Copyright © Wondershare Software
27.
Grades • Must
include only achievement • Avoid the temptation to include effort for less able students – It is difficult to assess effort/potential – It is difficult to distinguish ability from Copyright © Wondershare Software achievement • If achievement and effort are combined in some way, grades would mean different things for different individuals
28.
Grades • Grades
reflected on report cards are number or numerical quantities arrived at after several data on the students performance are combined Copyright © Wondershare Software
29.
Guidelines • Properly
weight each component to create a Copyright © Wondershare Software composite • Normally agreed upon by school officials 30% 25% 30% 15% Quiz Project/Assignment Class Participation Periodic Test
30.
Guidelines • Principal
Components Analysis – more scientific approach; hardly practiced in schools because of difficulty • Put all components on same scale to weight properly: – Equate range of scores – Convert all to T-scores or other standard Copyright © Wondershare Software scores
31.
NORM OR CRITERION-REFERENCED
GRADING Copyright © Wondershare Software
32.
Norm-Referenced Grading System
• Grades may reflect relative performance – Score compared to other students (rank) • Grade depends on what group you are in, not just your own performance • Typical grade may be shifted up or down, depending on group’s ability • Widely used; most classroom testing is norm-referenced Copyright © Wondershare Software
33.
Criterion-Referenced Grading System
• Grades may reflect absolute performance – Score compared to specified performance standards (what you can do) • Grade does not depend on what group you are in, but only on your own performance compared to a set of performance standards • Grading is a complex task Copyright © Wondershare Software
34.
Criterion-Referenced Grading System
Copyright © Wondershare Software • Grades must: – Clearly define the domain – Clearly define and justify the performance standards – Be based on criterion-referenced assessment • Conditions are hard to meet except in complete mastery learning settings
35.
Score Compared to
Learning Potential • Grades are inconsistent with a standards-based performance – Each child has his/her own standard • Reliably estimating learning ability is very Copyright © Wondershare Software difficult • One cannot reliably measure change with classroom measures • Should only be used as supplement
36.
DISTRIBUTION OF GRADES
AND GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE GRADING Copyright © Wondershare Software
37.
Norm-Referenced or Relative
Performance • Normal curve is defensible only when • When “grading on the curve” • When “grading on the curve”, any pass-fail decision should be based on an absolute standard (failed the minimum essentials) • Standards and ranges should be understood and followed by all teachers Copyright © Wondershare Software
38.
Criterion-Referenced or Absolute
Grading System • Seldom uses letter-grade alone • Often includes checklists of what has been Copyright © Wondershare Software mastered • The distribution of grades is not predetermined
39.
Guidelines for Effective
Grading • Describe grading procedures to students at the beginning of instruction. • Clarify that course grade will be based on Copyright © Wondershare Software achievement only. • Explain how other factors (effort, work habits, etc.) will be reported.
40.
• Relate grading
procedures to intended Copyright © Wondershare Software learning outcomes. • Obtain valid evidence (tests) for assigning grades • Try to prevent cheating. • Return and review all test results as soon as possible.
41.
• Properly weight
the various types of achievements included in the grade. • Do not lower an achievement grade for tardiness, weak effort, misbehavior. • Be fair. • Avoid bias. • When in doubt, review the evidence. • If still in doubt, give the higher grade. Copyright © Wondershare Software
42.
CONDUCTING PARENT-TEACHER CONFERENCES
Copyright © Wondershare Software
43.
Parent-Teacher Conference Copyright
© Wondershare Software • Productive: – When carefully planned – When the teacher is skilled in handling such conferences • The teacher’s skill can be developed
44.
Guidelines for a
Good Conference Copyright © Wondershare Software • Make plans » Review your goals. » Organize the information to present. » Make a list of points to cover and questions to ask » If using portfolios, select and review carefully
45.
Guidelines for a
Good Conference • Start positive and maintain a positive focus » Present student’s strong points first » Be helpful to have example of works to Copyright © Wondershare Software show needs » Compare early vs. late work to show learning progress
46.
Guidelines for a
Good Conference • Encourage parents to participate and share their ideas » Be willing to listen » Be willing to answer questions Copyright © Wondershare Software
47.
Guidelines for a
Good Conference • Plan actions cooperatively » What steps you can each take? » Summarize at the end Copyright © Wondershare Software
48.
Guidelines for a
Good Conference • End with a positive comment » Should not be a vague generality » Should be true Copyright © Wondershare Software
49.
Guidelines for a
Good Conference • Use good human relation skills. Copyright © Wondershare Software
50.
Logo ? Any
questions around this topic?
51.
Copyright © Wondershare
Software
52.
Copyright © Wondershare
Software