1. 1. What is National Development?
National development is the ability of a county or countries to improve the social
welfare of the people e.g by providing social amenities like quality education, potable
water, transportation infrastructure, medical care, etc.
The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 adopts a framework of inclusive
growth, which is high growth that is sustained, generates mass employment, and
reduces poverty. With good governance and anticorruption as the overarching theme of
each and every intervention, the Plan translates into specific goals, objectives,
strategies, programs and projects all the things that we want to accomplish in the
medium term.
Through this Plan, we intend to pursue rapid and sustainable economic growth and
development, improve the quality of life of the Filipino, empower the poor and
marginalized and enhance our social cohesion as a nation. Our strategic development
policy framework thus focuses on improving transparency and accountability in
governance, strengthening the macroeconomy, boosting the competitiveness of our
industries, facilitating infrastructure development, strengthening the financial sector and
capital mobilization, improving access to quality social services, enhancing peace and
security for development, and ensuring ecological integrity.
The Philippine Development Plan will serve as our guide in formulating policies and
implementing development programs for the next six years. It enables us to work
systematically to give the Filipino people a better chance of finally finding their way out
of poverty, inequality, and the poor state of human development.
The Office of Development Act (ODA) of 1996 was been enacted by the Senate and
House of Representative of the Philippines in Congress last July 24, 1995 in Metro
Manila. A Republic Act Number 8182 define; “AN ACT EXCLUDING OFFICIAL
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (ODA) FROM THE FOREIGN DEBT LIMIT IN ORDER
TO FACILITATE THE ABSORPTION AND OPTIMIZE THE UTILIZATION OF ODA
RESOURCES, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE PARAGRAPH 1, SECTION 2 OF
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4860, AS AMENDED.
(REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4860)
AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINESTO
OBTAIN SUCH FOREIGN LOANS AND CREDITS, OR TO INCUR SUCH
FOREIGN INDEBTEDNESS, AS MAY BE NECESSARY TO FINANCE
APPROVED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PURPOSES OR PROJECTS,
AND TO GUARANTEE,IN BEHALF OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES, FOREIGN LOANS OBTAINED OR BONDS ISSUED BY
CORPORATIONS OWNED OR CONTROLLED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF
THE PHILIPPINES FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PURPOSES
INCLUDING THOSE INCURRED FOR PURPOSESOF RE-LENDING TO

2. THE PRIVATE SECTOR, APPROPRIATING THE NECESSARY FUNDS
THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
The National Development Plan involve huge amount of budget which same
were taken from the taxes generated every fiscal year purposely for the
maintenance of economic development and infrastructure. For the massive
development of the infrastructures project like high ways, bridges, water irrigation,
dam, electricity, the President of the Republic of the Philippines are allowing to
obtain foreign loans for the sustenance and maintenance of the projects as define
in Republic Act No.8182 as amended by Republic Act No. 4860.
Further, the previous and present administration nowadays, adopts the
framework of the Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016, that sustained,
generates mass employment, and reduces poverty. Presently the plans have a
specific goals and objectives. This is followed by long term strategies, programs
and projects for the following year. Thus, in this present administration, the
governments consider anchoring all possible awareness with regards to the
management of the budget that might be affect the ongoing development of the
country.
2. What is National Security?
National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the
use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political power. The concept
developed mostly in the United States after World War II. Initially focusing on military
might, it now encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on the non-military
or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national
society. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess
economic security, energy security, environmental security, etc. Security threats involve
not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as
violent non-state actors, narcotic cartels, multinational corporations and non-governmental
organisations; some authorities include natural disasters and events
causing severe environmental damage in this category.
Measures taken to ensure national security include:
 using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats
 marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation
 maintaining effective armed forces
 implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures (including
anti-terrorism legislation)
 ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure
 using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage,
and to protect classified information
 using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from
internal threats

3. Definitions
There is no single universally accepted definition of national security. The variety of
definitions provides an overview of the many usages of this concept. The concept still
remains ambiguous, having originated from simpler definitions which initially
emphasized the freedom from military threat and political coercion to later increase in
sophistication and include other forms of non-military security as suited the
circumstances of the time.[1]:1–6[2]:52–54
A typical dictionary definition, in this case from the Macmillan Dictionary (online
version), defines the term as "the protection or the safety of a country’s secrets and its
citizens" emphasizing the overall security of a nation and a nation state.[3] Walter
Lippmann, in 1943, defined it in terms of war saying that "a nation has security when it
does not have to sacrifice its legitimate ínterests to avoid war, and is able, if challenged,
to maintain them by war".[1]:5 A later definition by Harold Lasswell, a political scientist, in
1950, looks at national security from almost the same aspect, that of external
coercion:[1]:79
"The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation."
Arnold Wolfers (1960), while recognising the need to segregate the subjectivity of the
conceptual idea from the objectivity, talks of threats to acquired values:[4]
"An ambiguous symbol meaning different things to different people. National security
objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, the
absence of fear that such values will be attacked."
The 1996 definition propagated by the National Defence College of India accretes the
elements of national power:[5]
"National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and
maturity, human resources, economic structure and capacity, technological
competence, industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military
might."
Harold Brown, U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the Carter
administration, enlarged the definition of national security by including elements such as
economic and environmental security:[6]:5
"National security then is the ability to preserve the nation's physical integrity and
territory; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable
terms; to preserve its nature, institution, and governance from disruption from outside;
and to control its borders."
In Harvard University history professor Charles Maier's definition of 1990, national
security is defined through the lens of national power:[7]

4. "National security... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and
foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to
enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy, prosperity and wellbeing."
According to Prabhakaran Paleri, author of National Security, Imperatives and
Challenges, national security may be defined as:[2]:52–54
The measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional
threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any
given time, by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance,that can be
indexed by computation, empirically or otherwise,and is extendable to global security by
variables external to it."
Origin
The origin of the modern concept of "national security" as a philosophy of maintaining a
stable nation state can be traced to the Peace of Westphalia, wherein the concept of a
sovereign state, ruled by a sovereign, became the basis of a new international order of
nation states.[8]:19 It was Thomas Hobbes in his 1651 work Leviathan who stated that
citizens yield to a powerful sovereign who in turn promises an end to civil and religious
war, and to bring forth a lasting peace, and give him the right to conduct policy,
including wage war or negotiate for peace for the good of the "commonwealth", i.e., a
mandate for national security.[9] The Clausewitzian view of diplomacy and war being the
instruments of furthering national cause, added to the view of national security being
sought by nations by exercising self-interest at all times.[9] This view came to be known
as "classical realism" in international relations.
Immanuel Kant, in his 1795 essay "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch" (Zum
ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf. (German)), proposed a system where
nation-states and dominating national interests were replaced by an enlightened world
order, a community of mankind where nation-states subsumed the national interests
under the rule of the international law because of rational insight, common good and
moral commitment. National security was achieved by this voluntary accession by the
leadership to a higher order than the nation-state, viz. "international security". Thus was
born the "idealism" school of international relations.[9]
As an academic concept, national security can be seen as a recent phenomenon which
was first introduced in the United States after World War II,[1]:2–4 and has to some
degree replaced other concepts that describe the struggle of states to overcome various
external and internal threats. The term was used during discourse on war, for example,
Walter Lippmann in 1943 criticized an unwillingness of political pundits to discuss "the
foundations of national security" in a time of peace.[10]:49 However, the earliest mention
of the term national security, can be traced to 1790 in Yale University in reference to its
relation with domestic industries.[2]:52

5. Elements of national security
Main article: Elements of national security
As in the case of national power, the military aspect of security is an important, but not
the sole, component of national security. To be truly secure, a nation needs other forms
of security. Authorities differ in their choice of nation security elements. Besides the
military aspect of security, the aspects of diplomacy or politics; society; environment;
energy and natural resources; and economics are commonly listed. The elements of
national security corelate closely to the concept of the elements of national power.
Romm (1993) lists security from narcotic cartels, economic security, environmental
security and energy security as the non-military elements of national security.[1]:v, 1–8
Military security
Main article: Military security
This is traditionally, the earliest recognised form of national security.[2]:67 Military security
implies the capability of a nation to defend itself, and/or deter military aggression.
Alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation to enforce its policy
choices by use of military force. The term "military security" is considered synonymous
with "security" in much of its usage. One of the definitions of security given in the
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, may be considered a definition of "military
security":[11]
A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures
that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences.
—Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
Political security
The political aspect of security has been offered by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap de
Wilde as an important component of national security, Political security is about the
stability of the social order. Closely allied to military security and societal security, other
components proposed in a framework for national security in their book "Security: a new
framework for analysis", it specifically addresses threats to sovereignty.[12] System
referent objects are defined, such as nation-states, nations, transnational groups of
political importance including tribes, minorities, some religious organisations, systems of
states such as the European Union and the United Nations, besides others. Diplomacy,
negotiation and other interactions form the means of interaction between the objects.

6. Economic security
Main article: Economic security
Historically, conquest of nations has made conquerors rich through plunder, access to
new resources and enlarged trade by controlling a conquered nations' economy. In
today's complex system of international trade, characterised by multi-national
agreements, mutual inter-dependence and availability of natural resources etc., the
freedom to exercise choice of policies to develop a nation's economy in the manner
desired, invites economic security. Economic security today forms, arguably, as
important a part of national security as military security. The creation and protection of
jobs that supply defense and non-defense needs are vital to national security. Third
world countries are less secure due to lack of employment for their citizens.
Environmental security
Main article: Environmental security
Environmental security deals with environmental issues which threaten the national
security of a nation in any manner. The scope and nature of environmental threats to
national security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate.[1]:29–33 While all
environmental events are not considered significant of being categorised as threats,
many transnational issues, both global and regional would affect national security.
Romm (1993) classifies these as :[1]:15
 Transnational environmental problems that threaten a nation's security, in its
broad defined sense. These include global environmental problems such as
climate change due to global warming, deforestation and loss of biodiversity,
etc.[1]:15
 Environmental or resource problems that threaten a nation's security, traditionally
defined. These would be problems whose outcomes would result in conventional
threats to national security as first or higher order outcomes. Such disputes could
range from heightened tension or outright conflict due to disputes over water
scarcity in the Middle East, to illegal immigration into the United States caused by
the failure of agriculture in Mexico[1]:15. The genocide in Rwanda, indirectly or
partly caused by rise in population and dwindling availability of farmland, is an
example of the extremity of outcome arising from problems of environmental
security.[13]
 Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare, e.g. Romans destroyed the
fields of Carthage by pouring salt over them; Saddam Hussein's burning of oil
wells in the Gulf War;[1]:15–16 the use of Agent Orange by the UK in the Malayan
Emergency and the USA in the Vietnam War for defoilating forests for military
purposes.

7. Security of energy and natural resources
A resource has been defined as:[2]:179
"...a support inventory... biotic or abiotic, renewable or expendable,... for sustaining life
at a heightened level of well-being."
—Prabhakaran Paleri (2008)
Resources include water, sources of energy, land and minerals. Availability of adequate
natural resources is important for a nation to develop its industry and economic power.
Lack of resources is a serious challenge for Japan to overcome to increase its national
power. In the Persian Gulf War of 1991, fought over economic issues, Iraq captured
Kuwait in order to capture its oil wells, among other reasons. Water resources are
subject to disputes between many nations, including the two nuclear powers, India and
Pakistan. Nations attempt to attain energy and natural resource security by acquiring
the needed resources by force, negotiation and commerce.
Cybersecurity
Main article: Computer security
Recently, cybersecurity began to be viewed as a pressing national security issue.
Electronic information systems are vital for maintaining a national security of any state.
Possible unauthorized access to the critical governmental infrastructures by state and
non-state entities can create a serious threat and have a negative impact on political,
economic and military security of a given nation.
In the United States, the Bush Administration in January 2008, initiated the
Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI). It introduced a differentiated
approach, such as: identifying existing and emerging cybersecurity threats, finding and
plugging existing cyber vulnerabilities, and apprehending actors that trying to gain
access to secure federal information systems.[14] President Obama issued a declaration
that the "cyber threat is one of the most serious economic and national security
challenges we face as a nation" and that "America's economic prosperity in the 21st
century will depend on cybersecurity."[15]
Notably, the Act did not define national security, which was conceivably advantageous,
as its ambiguity made it a powerful phrase to invoke whenever issues threatened by
other interests of the state, such as domestic concerns, came up for discussion and
decision.[1]:3–5
The notion that national security encompasses more than just military security was
present, though understated, from the beginning. The Act established the National
Security Council so as to "advise the President on the integration of domestic, military
and foreign policies relating to national security".[2]:52

8. While not defining the "interests" of national security, the Act does establish, within the
National Security Council, the "Committee on Foreign Intelligence", whose duty is to
conduct an annual review "identifying the intelligence required to address the national
security interests of the United States as specified by the President" (emphasis
added).[18]
Gen. Maxwell Taylor's essay of 1974 titled "The Legitimate Claims of National Security"
has this to say:[19]
The national valuables in this broad sense include current assets and national interests,
as well as the sources of strength upon which our future as a nation depends. Some
valuables are tangible and earthy; others are spiritual or intellectual. They range widely
from political assets such as the Bill of Rights, our political institutions and international
friendships, to many economic assets which radiate worldwide from a highly productive
domestic economy supported by rich natural resources. It is the urgent need to protect
valuables such as these which legitimizes and makes essential the role of national
security.
Obama administration
The U.S. Armed Forces defines national security of the United States in the following
manner :[20]
A collective term encompassing both national defense and foreign relations of the
United States. Specifically, the condition provided by: a. a military or defense advantage
over any foreign nation or group of nations; b. a favorable foreign relations position; or
c. a defense posture capable of successfully resisting hostile or destructive action from
within or without, overt or covert.
In 2010, the White House included an all-encompassing world-view in a national
security strategy which identified "security" as one of the country's "four enduring
national interests" that were "inexorably intertwined":[21]
"To achieve the world we seek, the United States must apply our strategic approach in
pursuit of four enduring national interests:
 Security: The security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies
and partners.
 Prosperity: A strong, innovative, and growing U.S. economy in an open
international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity.
 Values: Respect for universal values at home and around the world.
 International Order: An international order advanced by U.S. leadership
that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger
cooperation to meet global challenges.

9. Each of these interests is inextricably linked to the others: no single interest can be
pursued in isolation, but at the same time, positive action in one area will help advance
all four."
— National Security Strategy, Executive Office of the President of the United States
(May 2010)
National security state
To reflect on institutionalization of new bureaucratic infrastructures and governmental
practices in the post-World War II period in the U.S., when a culture of semi-permanent
military mobilization brought around the National Security Council, the CIA, the
Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, national-security researchers
apply a notion of a national security state:[22][23][24]
During and after WorldWar II, US leaders expanded the concept of national security and
used its terminology for the first time to explain America’s relationship to the world. For
most of US history, the physical security of the continental United States had not been
in jeopardy. But by 1945, this invulnerability was rapidly diminishing with the advent of
long-range bombers, atom bombs, and ballistic missiles. A general perception grew that
the future would not allow time to mobilize, that preparation would have to become
constant. For the first time, American leaders would have to deal with the essential
paradox of national security faced by the Roman Empire and subsequent great powers:
Si vis pacem, para bellum — If you want peace, prepare for war.[25]
—David Jablonsky
Functional aspects
Because of the highly competitive nature of nation states and the fluid state of world
order, national security preparedness depends as much on routine technical measures
and operational procedures as on central decision making. This ranges from information
protection to state secrets to weaponry to international negotiation strategies. Any given
national security apparatus runs on combination of management practices and technical
capabilities. Emerging issues such as proliferation, failing states, climate change and
global terrorism[26] increasingly dominate the reality of competition between nation
states. All of these lead to the need to have a clear understanding of the technical
issues underlying national security in order to create and sustain the national security
institutions that may ultimately affect the future of a nation state.
3. What is internal Security?
Internal security, is the act of keeping peace within the borders of a sovereign state
or other self-governing territories. Generally by upholding the national law and
defending against internal security threats. Responsibility for internal security may range
from police to paramilitary forces, and in exceptional circumstances, the military itself.

10. Threats to internal security
Threats to the general peace may range from low-level civil disorder, large scale
violence, or even an armed insurgency. Threats to internal security may be directed at
either the state's citizens, or the organs and infrastructure of the state itself, and may
range from petty crime, serious organised crime, political or industrial unrest, or even
domestic terrorism. Foreign powers may also act as a threat to internal security, by
either committing or sponsoring terrorism or rebellion, without actually declaring war.
Forces and agencies
Governmental responsibility for internal security will generally rest with an interior
ministry, as opposed to a defense ministry. Depending on the state, a state's internal
security will be maintained by either the ordinary police or law enforcement agencies or
more militarized police forces (known as Gendarmerie or, literally, the Internal Troops.).
Other specialized internal security agencies may exist to augment these main forces,
such as border guards, special police units, or aspects of the state's List of intelligence
agencies. In some states, internal security may be the primary responsibility of a secret
police force.
The level of authorized force used by agencies and forces responsible for maintaining
internal security might range from unarmed police to fully armed paramilitary
organizations, or employ some level of less-lethal weaponry in between. For violent
situations, internal security forces may contain some element of military type equipment
such as non-military armored vehicles.
Justice aspects
Depending on the organization of the state, internal security forces may have
jurisdiction on national or federal levels. As the concept of internal security refers to the
entity of the state and its citizens, persons who are threats to internal security may be
designated as an enemy of the state or enemy of the people.
Persons detained by internal security forces may either be dealt with by the normal
criminal justice system, or for more serious crimes against internal security such as
treason, they may face special measures such as secret trials. In times of extreme
unrest, internal security actions may include measures such as internment (detention
without trial).
Relationship with the military
Depending on the nature of the specific state's form of government, enforcing internal
security will generally not be carried out by a country's military forces, whose primary
role is external defense, except in times of extreme unrest or other state of emergency,
short of civil war. Often, military involvement in internal security is explicitly prohibited,
or is restricted to authorized military aid to the civil power as part of the principle of

11. civilian control of the military. Military special forces units may in some cases be put
under the temporary command of civilian powers, for special internal security situations
such as counter terrorism operations.
4. What is Internal Security operation?
It is the process of protecting the welfare of one’s country from the enemy by
implementing and displayed suppressive power and capability to defend it from any
terrorist, insurgents and organized crime group who acted to control or attempt to
overthrow its government.
Security issues against terrorist dissidents, activist and sectoral group, the rightist
and leftist group, the secessionist group composed of Muslim rebel in southern
Mindanao are the common group involved in violating the Human Rights, engaged
criminal activities and spreading terror in any part of archipelago.
Thus, EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 110 -DIRECTING THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE TO SUPPORT THE ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES IN INTERNAL
SECURITY OPERATIONS FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF INSURGENCY AND OTHER
SERIOUS THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY.
The AFP and the PNP support each other to maintain peace and order, ensure the
safety of its public especially in the countryside, wherein most of them living in that
particular area were vulnerable in harassment by terrorist dissidents. However, the
government troops were focusing their plan one step ahead from their enemy to
preempt the enemy to implement their plan.
Program were being implemented by AFP and PNP which is supported by LGU and
national Government may slowly affect the insurgency problems in the particular area.
Nevertheless, the assurance of peace will never be totally remain in that place
especially when that area had been infiltrated and influence by terrorist dissidents.
However, in the Mindanao area governments troops encountered many problems.
There were a pending peace talks negotiation between Muslim Rebel leaders and the
panel of government sides, however the conflict are still not resolved as expected.
All possible programs lead by LGU, NGO and National Government were
considered, emphasizing the insurgency problem in the country and it was appropriately
funded in order to attain peace and order and ensure public safety and internal security.
The AFP and PNP are jointly lead such programs like the OPLAN Bantay Laya
(Operation Freedom Watch) and OPLAN Bayanihan as part of PNP Master Plans.
The goal of the Government is to eradicate the insurgency and criminality that
remains threat in our national security not only in a particular society or place but as a
nation, protect its Law and Constitution as provided therein.