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Contraceptives
Contraceptives
•   What are contraceptives?
•   Contraceptive vs. Family Planning
•   Advantages of Contraceptives
•   Disadvantages of Contraceptives
•   Effectiveness of Contraceptives
•   Parts of the Male Reproductive Organ
•   Parts of the Female Reproductive Organ
•   How does fertilization occur?
• Factors to consider in Choosing the right
  contraceptive
• Types and Methods of Contraceptives
• Side Effects of Contraceptives
• The RH Bill : An Overview
What are Contraceptives?
• device preventing fertilization
• deliberate prevention of pregnancy using any of
  several methods
• Birth control prevents a female sex cell (egg) from
  being fertilized by a male sex cell (sperm) and
  implanting in the uterus
• also known as Birth Control Methods
• tending or serving to prevent conception
• prevents impregnation
• fertility control
Contraceptives vs. Family Planning
• Family Planning refers to the provision of birth
  control or the expectation of the gap of years
  between each birth of a mother for her child
• Contraceptives is the process or way to control
  fertility. It is used to make Family Planning
  possible.
Advantages of Contraceptives
• Avoidance of unplanned pregnancy
• Protection from STI’s or Sexually Transmitted
  Infections
• Most contraceptives are reversible
• Couples can decide the gap between each
  child in a family and the number of children to
  have in a family
Disadvantages of Contraceptives
• Some of the process, especially surgical
  contraception is irreversible
• Some women complains of simple to harmful
  side effects like irregular bleeding,
  development of cancer cells, weight loss or
  gain and much more.
• No contraception, other than abstinence is
  100% safe.
Effectiveness of Contraceptives
• No Birth Control Method, other than
  abstinence from sex, is 100% effective in
  preventing pregnancy
• Some methods are more effective than others
• In the absence of Birth Control Population,
  85% of the sexually active couple will be
  expected to bear a child in a year
The Male Reproductive Organ
Contraceptives
The Female Reproductive Organ
Contraceptives
How does Fertilization Occur?
• What is Fertilization?
  – starting reproduction: the act or process of
    enabling reproduction by insemination or
    pollination
  – union of male and female cells: the union of
    male and female reproductive cells gametes to
    produce a fertilized reproductive cell zygote.
  – Fertilization can take place inside the female's
    body, as in humans
How does Fertilization occur?
Types and Methods of Contraceptives
• Barrier Method
  – physically block sperm from entering the uterus to
    unite with an egg
  – they are easy to use
  – some people feel barrier methods are
    inconvenient because they interfere with sexual
    spontaneity.
  – barrier methods include male and female
    condoms, the diaphragm, the cervical cap, and
    spermicides
Male Condoms
• The male condom is a thin sheath made of latex,
  polyurethane, or less commonly, animal membrane,
  that fits over an erect penis
• During ejaculation (when semen ejects from the
  penis), the condom catches and holds sperm before it
  can travel into a woman’s uterus
• After each act of sexual intercourse the condom is
  removed and thrown away
• The condom is inexpensive, easy to use, and does not
  require a prescription. It has no known side effects,
  although those people who are sensitive or allergic to
  latex should use polyurethane condoms.
Male Condom
• Male condoms made of latex or polyurethane also
  protect users against many STIs, including human
  immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired
  immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• With typical use, male condoms are 86 percent
  effective in preventing pregnancy.
• Condoms may also be used with other types of birth
  control, such as a spermicide (chemical that kills
  sperm) or withdrawal (removing the penis from the
  vagina just before ejaculation) greatly improves
  condom effectiveness.
How to use Male Condom
Store the condom in a
cool, dark place away from
heat and petroleum fumes.
These can damage the
condom so it is not an
effective birth control
method.
How to use Male Condom

            When you go to use
            the condom, first
            check the expiration
            date. If the condom
            is expired, crinkly or
            dry, do not use it!
How to use Male Condom

If it is within its
expiration date, open
the condom without
using sharp instruments
(like scissors) or teeth.
Open      the    package
without     ripping    or
tearing the condom.
How to use Male Condom

           Apply lubricant to the
           inside tip of condom,
           which helps avoid
           breakage and enhances
           the pleasure for the
           male.
How to use Male Condom

Place the condom
on the tip of the
penis so it will
unroll correctly (the
condom        should
unroll outwards).
How to use Male Condom

            Lightly squeeze the
            tip of the condom
            (to remove air) as
            you     apply   the
            condom to the head
            of the penis.
How to use Male Condom
 Unroll the condom all the
 way down to the base of
 the penis. If you put it on
 the wrong way, so it won’t
 unroll, take it off and use
 another condom.
DO NOT TRY TO REUSE THE
 UNROLLED CONDOM.
How to use Male Condom

          Then apply lubricant to
          the outside of the
          condom (especially if
          you are using a non-
          lubricated     condom).
          This will enhance the
          female’s pleasure
How to use Male Condom
Make sure the condom is free of rips, tears, holes
and air bubbles when you are finished putting on
the condom. You can run your hand gently down
the penis to do this.

Then check that the condom makes contact with
the head of the penis just below the reservoir tip
(There should be no more than 1.5cm between
the condom and the head of the penis.)
How to use Male Condom
After the male ejaculates (comes) during intercourse,
the male should remove his condomed penis from his
partner by holding the condom at the base of the
penis.




To remove the condom, grasp the condom at the base
of the penis and gently rolled off.
How to use Male Condom
The used condom should be tied shut,
wrapped in tissue and thrown away in the
trash. It should not be flushed down the
toilet—serious plumbing problems can occur.


    DO NOT WASH AND REUSE CONDOM!
Female Condom
• The female condom is a sleeve-like device
  made of polyurethane. It has a small closed
  end, and a larger open end. Each end contains
  a flexible ring. Use this simple step-by-step
  guide to using female condoms to assure that
  you are using them properly during vaginal
  and/or rectal intercourse.
Female Condom
• The female condom, like the male condom, is
  available without a prescription
• It is an elongated polyurethane sac
• A woman inserts the closed end of the sac
  into the vagina to cover the cervix (the
  opening of the uterus) and prevent sperm
  from entering the uterus. The open end of the
  sac remains outside the vagina for the penis to
  enter.
Female Condom
• The female condom must be thrown away
  after use and a new one used for each act of
  intercourse
• With typical use, the female condom is 79
  percent effective in preventing pregnancy
• It also reduces the risk of many STIs
• Some people experience genital irritation
  from the female condom
How to use Female Condom
Spermicides
• Spermicides are jellies, creams, foams,
  suppositories, tablets, or films that block the
  entrance to the cervix and contain a sperm-
  killing chemical
• They can be purchased without a prescription
• This type of contraceptive always come with
  other contraceptive devices
Spermicides
Diaphragm
• The diaphragm is a shallow, molded cup of
  thin rubber with a flexible rim
• Before intercourse, spermicide must be placed
  inside the cup and around the inside of the
  rim of the diaphragm
• The woman then inserts the diaphragm into
  her vagina so that it covers the cervix,
  preventing the passage of sperm from the
  vagina to the uterus
Diaphragms
• Diaphragms come in various sizes to fit the
  cervix
• They are available only from health-care
  professionals who ensure that the device fits
  properly
• With typical use, the diaphragm is about 80
  percent effective in preventing pregnancy
Cervical Cap
• The cervical cap is made of flexible latex
  rubber and shaped like a thimble.
• It is smaller than a diaphragm and fits more
  tightly onto the cervix, where it is held in
  place by suction.
• Like the diaphragm, the cervical cap must be
  fitted by a health-care professional and it
  should also be used with a spermicide.
Cervical Cap
• With typical use, the cervical cap is about 80
  percent effective in preventing pregnancy in
  women who have not given birth, and about
  60 percent effective in those who have given
  birth.
Intrauterine Device (IUD)

• The intrauterine device (IUD)
  – is a small plastic device inserted into a woman’s
    uterus to prevent pregnancy.
  – IUDs prevent pregnancies through a number of
    mechanisms:
     • they interfere with the movement of sperm and egg,
     • they decrease the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg,
     • they prevent a fertilized egg from implanting in the
       lining of the uterus.
Intrauterine Device (UID)
– An IUD must be inserted and removed by a
  health-care professional. Depending on the
  device, it must be replaced every one to ten years
– A plastic string attached to the IUD hangs down
  through the cervix, enabling a woman to check
  regularly that the IUD is properly positioned
– With typical use, the IUD is about 96 percent
  effective in preventing pregnancy.
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
– The device may increase menstrual bleeding or cause
  irregular bleeding or cramping. The IUD has also been
  associated with an increased risk for pelvic
  inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the
  reproductive tract.
– Other possible problems associated with IUD use
  include perforation of the uterus and embedding of
  the IUD in the uterus.
– In rare cases an ectopic pregnancy occurs, a serious
  medical complication in which a fertilized egg
  implants outside of the uterus.
Hormonal Contraceptives
• Hormonal Contraceptives
  – Hormonal contraceptives deliver doses of female sex
    hormones that alter a woman’s reproductive cycle in
    one or more ways.
  – When absorbed by the body, these hormones may :
     • interfere with ovulation to prevent the maturation and
       release of an egg from the ovaries;
     • thicken the cervical mucus, which interferes with sperm
       movement;
     • alter the rate at which the egg moves through the fallopian
       tubes to prevent sperm from meeting the egg;
     • change the condition of the uterine lining to prevent
       fertilized eggs from implanting in it.
Hormonal Contraceptives
• Available only by prescription.
• hormonal contraceptives are extremely effective
  in preventing pregnancy when used properly.
• Many people prefer them because their use does
  not interfere with sexual spontaneity.
• Among the drawbacks are reduced effectiveness
  when used in conjunction with some medications
  and lack of protection against STIs.
Hormonal Contraceptives
• Hormonal contraceptives may be
  administered by :
  – pill form
  – Implant
  – Injection
  – through vaginal rings
  – skin patches.
Birth Control Pill
• The birth control pill, or oral contraceptive,
  was first approved for use in the United States
  in 1960.
• These early pills contained high doses of
  female sex hormones that have since been
  found to cause long-term health problems,
  such as blood clotting.
• The birth control pills available today have
  much lower doses of hormones.
Birth Control Pills
• Types of birth control pills :
   – Combination pill - contains low doses of both
     estrogen and progestin (a synthetic form of
     progesterone).
   – Control pill which contains only progestin.
• To prevent pregnancy a woman takes one birth
  control pill each day for 21 days, after which she
  takes no pill or a placebo (a pill containing no active
  ingredients) for 7 days.
• With typical use, the pill is 95 percent effective in
  preventing pregnancy.
Birth Control Pills
• Benefits :
  – relieve menstrual pain and reduce menstrual
    bleeding.
  – It may also offer some protection against PID,
  – endometrial and ovarian cancer,
  – endometriosis (growth of uterine tissue outside
    the uterus)
  – uterine fibroid tumors (benign growths).
Birth Control Pills
• Adverse side effects :
  –   breakthrough bleeding (bleeding between periods)
  –   Headache
  –   Hypertension
  –    weight gain
  –   mood change
  –   decreased sexual desire
  –   blood clotting disorders
  –   cardiac complications
  –   breast tenderness
  –    galactorrhea (discharge of milk from the breast).
Hormonal Implant
• With typical use, hormonal implants are the most
  highly effective form of birth control except for
  continuous abstinence and surgical sterilization.
• A health-care professional implants a matchstick-
  sized tube filled with a synthetic progesterone-
  like hormone called etonogestrel (progestin) just
  under the skin of a woman’s upper arm. The
  implants can remain in place up to three years.
Hormonal Implant
• Adverse side effects include
   – irregular intervals between menstrual periods
   –  breakthrough bleeding
   –  headache
   – Acne
   – Weight gain or loss
   – Depression
   – breast tenderness
   – infection or skin discoloration at the implant insertion
     point
   – The only long-term hormonal implant approved for use in
     the United States is sold under the brand name Implanon.
Contraceptive Injection
• Contraceptive Injection
  – Contraceptive injections contain synthetic
    hormones that a health-care professional injects
    into the muscles of a woman’s buttocks or arm.
  – This form of birth control requires regular visits to
    a clinic so that a health-care professional can
    administer the injection.
  – With typical use, contraceptive injections are
    about 99 percent effective in preventing
    pregnancy.
Contraceptive Injection
• There are two types of contraceptive
  injections:
  – Depo-Provera contains the synthetic hormone
    progestin and protects against pregnancy for 12
    weeks.
  – Lunelle contains a combination of estrogen and
    progestin and must be injected once a month.
Contraceptive Injection
• Side effects :
   – irregular bleeding.
   – For most women periods become lighter and less
     frequent and may stop altogether
   – Some women may develop heavier and longer
     periods.
Contraceptive Injection
• Other adverse side effects :
  •   breakthrough bleeding
  •   weight gain
  •   headache
  •   sore breasts
  •   Depression
  •   nausea
  •   vaginal dryness
  •   acne
Contraceptive Ring
• The contraceptive ring is a small flexible ring containing
  a combination of estrogen and progestin.
• Each month a woman inserts a new ring deep into the
  vagina, leaving it in place for three out of four weeks.
• It does not require fitting by a health-care professional
  or the addition of spermicide.
• With typical use, the contraceptive ring is 95 to 99
  percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
• Adverse effects include increased vaginal discharge
  and vaginal irritation or infection.
Contraceptive Patch
• Contraceptive Patch
  – The contraceptive patch is a thin, plastic patch
    containing a combination of estrogen and progestin.
  – A woman applies the patch to the skin of the buttocks,
    stomach, upper arm, or upper torso once a week for
    three out of four weeks.
  – The skin absorbs the hormones, which alter the
    woman’s reproductive cycle to prevent pregnancy.
  – Some adverse reactions from the patch include a skin
    reaction at the application site
  – The patch is effective in preventing pregnancy 95 to
    99 percent of the time with typical use.
Contraceptive Patch Issue
• In February 2006 the United States Food and
  Drug Administration (FDA) advised women using
  the patch to consult with their physicians after
  preliminary results from a study found that
  women using the patch had a higher risk for
  blood clots than women taking the pill. Current
  warning labels on the Ortho Evra patch note that
  women using the patch receive 60 percent more
  estrogen than those who use birth control pills.
  Women who smoke should not use the patch
  because of increased risk of stroke and heart
  attack, according to health officials.
Widthrawal

• Withdrawal is the deliberate removal of the penis from
  the vagina before ejaculation so that sperm is not
  deposited in or near the vagina.
• This method of contraception is not recommended,
  because drops of fluid secreted by the penis when it
  first becomes erect can contain enough sperm to cause
  pregnancy.
• In addition, a man may not withdraw in time.
• With typical use, withdrawal is effective in preventing
  pregnancy 81 percent of the time.
• Withdrawal does not protect against STIs.
Continuous Abstinence
• Abstinence is the avoidance of any sexual
  activity that could cause pregnancy.
• This includes intercourse and other sexual
  activities in which semen may come in contact
  with the vulva (external female genitals) or
  vagina.
• Abstinence is completely effective in
  preventing pregnancy as well as STIs, and it
  poses no health risks.
Fertility Awareness Methhods
• Fertility awareness methods are a collection of
  practices that help a woman know which days of
  the month she is most likely to get pregnant.
• A woman is most fertile during a period that
  ranges from five days before ovulation to two
  days after ovulation.
• A woman can learn when she is ovulating by
  observing her body and charting physical
  changes.
Fertility Awareness Methods
• Fertility awareness methods are most reliable
  for women with regular menstrual cycles.
• As a woman becomes more familiar with the
  signs of ovulation and the pattern of her
  menstrual cycle, fertility awareness methods
  become more effective.
Fertility Awareness Methods
• During the days surrounding ovulation, she
  can then abstain from sexual intercourse
  (known as periodic abstinence or natural
  family planning) or use a barrier method of
  contraception during intercourse.
• With typical use, fertility awareness methods
  are generally about 80 percent effective in
  preventing pregnancy.
Fertility Awareness Methods
• Fertility awareness methods require a high level
  of commitment to consistently and accurately
  monitor ovulation. Most experts recommend
  using more than one method to more accurately
  determine a woman’s fertile period.
• Some couples find abstinence from sexual
  intercourse during the fertile period
  inconvenient.
• In addition, fertility awareness methods do not
  provide protection against STIs.
Fertility Awareness Methods
• Methods that can help predict ovulation
  include monitoring the lengths of menstrual
  cycles, measuring basal body temperature,
  and observing changes in cervical mucus:
  1. Calendar Charting
  2. Basal Body Temperature Measurement
  3. Cervical Mucus Monitoring
Calendar Charting
Calendar Charting
  – In calendar charting a woman uses past menstrual
    cycles as a guide to predict ovulation dates. Over a
    period of 8 to 12 months she keeps a record of the
    dates of her first day of menstruation. From this
    record she can calculate the average number of
    days in her menstrual cycle, and estimate the day
    in her cycle when she is most likely ovulating.
Basal Body Temperature Measurement
Basal Body Temperature Measurement
  – In the basal body temperature method a woman
    takes her temperature at the same time each
    morning before getting out of bed.
  – In most women, body temperature rises about
    one degree on the day of ovulation and stays
    raised for several days.
Basal Body Temperature Measurement
 – A woman can keep a record of her basal body
   temperature over a period of 8 to 12 consecutive
   months to determine the time in her cycle when
   she ovulates.
 – The primary drawback of using this method by
   itself is that many factors can raise body
   temperature, including illness, lack of sleep, and
   alcohol or drug use.
Cervical Mucus Monitoring
Cervical Mucus Monitoring
  – The cervical mucus method of determining fertility
    requires a woman to monitor the consistency of her
    cervical mucus.
  – Cervical mucus changes consistency during the
    menstrual cycle and plays a vital role in fertilization of
    the egg. Mucus that is clear, wet, and sticky or elastic
    appears in the days preceding ovulation and aids in
    drawing sperm into the fallopian tubes where
    fertilization usually takes place.
Cervical Mucus Monitoring
– It also helps maintain the survival of sperm inside
  the woman's body.
– Cervical mucus that is dry, cloudy, or yellowish
  indicates that ovulation is not occurring.
– One drawback of this method is that the
  consistency of cervical mucus can be altered by
  the use of douches or spermicides, making it
  difficult for a woman to identify changes.
Surgical Sterilization
• Surgical Sterilization
   – An extremely safe method of birth control,
     surgical sterilization.
   – It permanent.
   – Two types of Surgical Sterilization :
   – Vasectomy
      • Sterilization done on males
      • Both the vas deferens are severed, preventing sperm
        from reaching the penis.
Surgical Sterilization
  – Tubal Ligation
     • Female sterilization
     • The fallopian tubes are cut so that mature eggs cannot
       come into contact with sperm.
• Side Effects are extremely rare.
• Permanent and is irreversible.
The RH Bill
The RH Bill : An Overview
• The Reproductive Health Bill, informally
  known as the RH Bill, are proposed laws in the
  Republic of the Philippines aiming to
  guarantee universal access to methods on
  contraception, abortion, fertility control,
  sexual education, and maternal care.
The RH Bill : An Overview
• Present bill that pertains to the goal of RH Bill:
  – House Bill # 4244 ─ An Act Providing for a
    Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood,
    Reproductive Health, and Population and
    Development, and For Other Purposes
  – Senate Bill # 2378 ─ An Act Providing For a
    National Policy on Reproductive Health and
    Population and Development
The RH Bill : An Overview
• Goals of RH Bill
  – Have planned child birth to ease poverty
  – Make contraceptives available for every couply in
    the health centers nationwode
  – Educate Filipino people about the proper family
    planning
  – Lower the rate of infant death
  – Protect women and children’s health
The RH Bill : An Overview
• Issues about RH Bill
  – The bill is highly divisive, with experts, academics,
    religious institutions, and major political figures
    supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the
    government and each other in the process.
  – Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills,
    with tens of thousands of opposition particularly
    those endorsed by the bishops of the Roman Catholic
    Church and various other conservative groups, have
    been happening nationwide.
The RH Bill : An Overview


• Class Activity : Debate about the RH Bill. Shall
  it be passed or not? Why? Why not?
Prepared by :


      Riziel Joanne Mercado

              and

         Merlyn Millado

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Contraceptives

  • 2. Contraceptives • What are contraceptives? • Contraceptive vs. Family Planning • Advantages of Contraceptives • Disadvantages of Contraceptives • Effectiveness of Contraceptives • Parts of the Male Reproductive Organ • Parts of the Female Reproductive Organ • How does fertilization occur?
  • 3. • Factors to consider in Choosing the right contraceptive • Types and Methods of Contraceptives • Side Effects of Contraceptives • The RH Bill : An Overview
  • 4. What are Contraceptives? • device preventing fertilization • deliberate prevention of pregnancy using any of several methods • Birth control prevents a female sex cell (egg) from being fertilized by a male sex cell (sperm) and implanting in the uterus • also known as Birth Control Methods • tending or serving to prevent conception • prevents impregnation • fertility control
  • 5. Contraceptives vs. Family Planning • Family Planning refers to the provision of birth control or the expectation of the gap of years between each birth of a mother for her child • Contraceptives is the process or way to control fertility. It is used to make Family Planning possible.
  • 6. Advantages of Contraceptives • Avoidance of unplanned pregnancy • Protection from STI’s or Sexually Transmitted Infections • Most contraceptives are reversible • Couples can decide the gap between each child in a family and the number of children to have in a family
  • 7. Disadvantages of Contraceptives • Some of the process, especially surgical contraception is irreversible • Some women complains of simple to harmful side effects like irregular bleeding, development of cancer cells, weight loss or gain and much more. • No contraception, other than abstinence is 100% safe.
  • 8. Effectiveness of Contraceptives • No Birth Control Method, other than abstinence from sex, is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy • Some methods are more effective than others • In the absence of Birth Control Population, 85% of the sexually active couple will be expected to bear a child in a year
  • 13. How does Fertilization Occur? • What is Fertilization? – starting reproduction: the act or process of enabling reproduction by insemination or pollination – union of male and female cells: the union of male and female reproductive cells gametes to produce a fertilized reproductive cell zygote. – Fertilization can take place inside the female's body, as in humans
  • 15. Types and Methods of Contraceptives • Barrier Method – physically block sperm from entering the uterus to unite with an egg – they are easy to use – some people feel barrier methods are inconvenient because they interfere with sexual spontaneity. – barrier methods include male and female condoms, the diaphragm, the cervical cap, and spermicides
  • 16. Male Condoms • The male condom is a thin sheath made of latex, polyurethane, or less commonly, animal membrane, that fits over an erect penis • During ejaculation (when semen ejects from the penis), the condom catches and holds sperm before it can travel into a woman’s uterus • After each act of sexual intercourse the condom is removed and thrown away • The condom is inexpensive, easy to use, and does not require a prescription. It has no known side effects, although those people who are sensitive or allergic to latex should use polyurethane condoms.
  • 17. Male Condom • Male condoms made of latex or polyurethane also protect users against many STIs, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). • With typical use, male condoms are 86 percent effective in preventing pregnancy. • Condoms may also be used with other types of birth control, such as a spermicide (chemical that kills sperm) or withdrawal (removing the penis from the vagina just before ejaculation) greatly improves condom effectiveness.
  • 18. How to use Male Condom Store the condom in a cool, dark place away from heat and petroleum fumes. These can damage the condom so it is not an effective birth control method.
  • 19. How to use Male Condom When you go to use the condom, first check the expiration date. If the condom is expired, crinkly or dry, do not use it!
  • 20. How to use Male Condom If it is within its expiration date, open the condom without using sharp instruments (like scissors) or teeth. Open the package without ripping or tearing the condom.
  • 21. How to use Male Condom Apply lubricant to the inside tip of condom, which helps avoid breakage and enhances the pleasure for the male.
  • 22. How to use Male Condom Place the condom on the tip of the penis so it will unroll correctly (the condom should unroll outwards).
  • 23. How to use Male Condom Lightly squeeze the tip of the condom (to remove air) as you apply the condom to the head of the penis.
  • 24. How to use Male Condom Unroll the condom all the way down to the base of the penis. If you put it on the wrong way, so it won’t unroll, take it off and use another condom. DO NOT TRY TO REUSE THE UNROLLED CONDOM.
  • 25. How to use Male Condom Then apply lubricant to the outside of the condom (especially if you are using a non- lubricated condom). This will enhance the female’s pleasure
  • 26. How to use Male Condom Make sure the condom is free of rips, tears, holes and air bubbles when you are finished putting on the condom. You can run your hand gently down the penis to do this. Then check that the condom makes contact with the head of the penis just below the reservoir tip (There should be no more than 1.5cm between the condom and the head of the penis.)
  • 27. How to use Male Condom After the male ejaculates (comes) during intercourse, the male should remove his condomed penis from his partner by holding the condom at the base of the penis. To remove the condom, grasp the condom at the base of the penis and gently rolled off.
  • 28. How to use Male Condom The used condom should be tied shut, wrapped in tissue and thrown away in the trash. It should not be flushed down the toilet—serious plumbing problems can occur. DO NOT WASH AND REUSE CONDOM!
  • 29. Female Condom • The female condom is a sleeve-like device made of polyurethane. It has a small closed end, and a larger open end. Each end contains a flexible ring. Use this simple step-by-step guide to using female condoms to assure that you are using them properly during vaginal and/or rectal intercourse.
  • 30. Female Condom • The female condom, like the male condom, is available without a prescription • It is an elongated polyurethane sac • A woman inserts the closed end of the sac into the vagina to cover the cervix (the opening of the uterus) and prevent sperm from entering the uterus. The open end of the sac remains outside the vagina for the penis to enter.
  • 31. Female Condom • The female condom must be thrown away after use and a new one used for each act of intercourse • With typical use, the female condom is 79 percent effective in preventing pregnancy • It also reduces the risk of many STIs • Some people experience genital irritation from the female condom
  • 32. How to use Female Condom
  • 33. Spermicides • Spermicides are jellies, creams, foams, suppositories, tablets, or films that block the entrance to the cervix and contain a sperm- killing chemical • They can be purchased without a prescription • This type of contraceptive always come with other contraceptive devices
  • 35. Diaphragm • The diaphragm is a shallow, molded cup of thin rubber with a flexible rim • Before intercourse, spermicide must be placed inside the cup and around the inside of the rim of the diaphragm • The woman then inserts the diaphragm into her vagina so that it covers the cervix, preventing the passage of sperm from the vagina to the uterus
  • 36. Diaphragms • Diaphragms come in various sizes to fit the cervix • They are available only from health-care professionals who ensure that the device fits properly • With typical use, the diaphragm is about 80 percent effective in preventing pregnancy
  • 37. Cervical Cap • The cervical cap is made of flexible latex rubber and shaped like a thimble. • It is smaller than a diaphragm and fits more tightly onto the cervix, where it is held in place by suction. • Like the diaphragm, the cervical cap must be fitted by a health-care professional and it should also be used with a spermicide.
  • 38. Cervical Cap • With typical use, the cervical cap is about 80 percent effective in preventing pregnancy in women who have not given birth, and about 60 percent effective in those who have given birth.
  • 39. Intrauterine Device (IUD) • The intrauterine device (IUD) – is a small plastic device inserted into a woman’s uterus to prevent pregnancy. – IUDs prevent pregnancies through a number of mechanisms: • they interfere with the movement of sperm and egg, • they decrease the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg, • they prevent a fertilized egg from implanting in the lining of the uterus.
  • 40. Intrauterine Device (UID) – An IUD must be inserted and removed by a health-care professional. Depending on the device, it must be replaced every one to ten years – A plastic string attached to the IUD hangs down through the cervix, enabling a woman to check regularly that the IUD is properly positioned – With typical use, the IUD is about 96 percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
  • 41. Intrauterine Device (IUD) – The device may increase menstrual bleeding or cause irregular bleeding or cramping. The IUD has also been associated with an increased risk for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the reproductive tract. – Other possible problems associated with IUD use include perforation of the uterus and embedding of the IUD in the uterus. – In rare cases an ectopic pregnancy occurs, a serious medical complication in which a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus.
  • 42. Hormonal Contraceptives • Hormonal Contraceptives – Hormonal contraceptives deliver doses of female sex hormones that alter a woman’s reproductive cycle in one or more ways. – When absorbed by the body, these hormones may : • interfere with ovulation to prevent the maturation and release of an egg from the ovaries; • thicken the cervical mucus, which interferes with sperm movement; • alter the rate at which the egg moves through the fallopian tubes to prevent sperm from meeting the egg; • change the condition of the uterine lining to prevent fertilized eggs from implanting in it.
  • 43. Hormonal Contraceptives • Available only by prescription. • hormonal contraceptives are extremely effective in preventing pregnancy when used properly. • Many people prefer them because their use does not interfere with sexual spontaneity. • Among the drawbacks are reduced effectiveness when used in conjunction with some medications and lack of protection against STIs.
  • 44. Hormonal Contraceptives • Hormonal contraceptives may be administered by : – pill form – Implant – Injection – through vaginal rings – skin patches.
  • 45. Birth Control Pill • The birth control pill, or oral contraceptive, was first approved for use in the United States in 1960. • These early pills contained high doses of female sex hormones that have since been found to cause long-term health problems, such as blood clotting. • The birth control pills available today have much lower doses of hormones.
  • 46. Birth Control Pills • Types of birth control pills : – Combination pill - contains low doses of both estrogen and progestin (a synthetic form of progesterone). – Control pill which contains only progestin. • To prevent pregnancy a woman takes one birth control pill each day for 21 days, after which she takes no pill or a placebo (a pill containing no active ingredients) for 7 days. • With typical use, the pill is 95 percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
  • 47. Birth Control Pills • Benefits : – relieve menstrual pain and reduce menstrual bleeding. – It may also offer some protection against PID, – endometrial and ovarian cancer, – endometriosis (growth of uterine tissue outside the uterus) – uterine fibroid tumors (benign growths).
  • 48. Birth Control Pills • Adverse side effects : – breakthrough bleeding (bleeding between periods) – Headache – Hypertension – weight gain – mood change – decreased sexual desire – blood clotting disorders – cardiac complications – breast tenderness – galactorrhea (discharge of milk from the breast).
  • 49. Hormonal Implant • With typical use, hormonal implants are the most highly effective form of birth control except for continuous abstinence and surgical sterilization. • A health-care professional implants a matchstick- sized tube filled with a synthetic progesterone- like hormone called etonogestrel (progestin) just under the skin of a woman’s upper arm. The implants can remain in place up to three years.
  • 50. Hormonal Implant • Adverse side effects include – irregular intervals between menstrual periods – breakthrough bleeding – headache – Acne – Weight gain or loss – Depression – breast tenderness – infection or skin discoloration at the implant insertion point – The only long-term hormonal implant approved for use in the United States is sold under the brand name Implanon.
  • 51. Contraceptive Injection • Contraceptive Injection – Contraceptive injections contain synthetic hormones that a health-care professional injects into the muscles of a woman’s buttocks or arm. – This form of birth control requires regular visits to a clinic so that a health-care professional can administer the injection. – With typical use, contraceptive injections are about 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
  • 52. Contraceptive Injection • There are two types of contraceptive injections: – Depo-Provera contains the synthetic hormone progestin and protects against pregnancy for 12 weeks. – Lunelle contains a combination of estrogen and progestin and must be injected once a month.
  • 53. Contraceptive Injection • Side effects : – irregular bleeding. – For most women periods become lighter and less frequent and may stop altogether – Some women may develop heavier and longer periods.
  • 54. Contraceptive Injection • Other adverse side effects : • breakthrough bleeding • weight gain • headache • sore breasts • Depression • nausea • vaginal dryness • acne
  • 55. Contraceptive Ring • The contraceptive ring is a small flexible ring containing a combination of estrogen and progestin. • Each month a woman inserts a new ring deep into the vagina, leaving it in place for three out of four weeks. • It does not require fitting by a health-care professional or the addition of spermicide. • With typical use, the contraceptive ring is 95 to 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy. • Adverse effects include increased vaginal discharge and vaginal irritation or infection.
  • 56. Contraceptive Patch • Contraceptive Patch – The contraceptive patch is a thin, plastic patch containing a combination of estrogen and progestin. – A woman applies the patch to the skin of the buttocks, stomach, upper arm, or upper torso once a week for three out of four weeks. – The skin absorbs the hormones, which alter the woman’s reproductive cycle to prevent pregnancy. – Some adverse reactions from the patch include a skin reaction at the application site – The patch is effective in preventing pregnancy 95 to 99 percent of the time with typical use.
  • 57. Contraceptive Patch Issue • In February 2006 the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advised women using the patch to consult with their physicians after preliminary results from a study found that women using the patch had a higher risk for blood clots than women taking the pill. Current warning labels on the Ortho Evra patch note that women using the patch receive 60 percent more estrogen than those who use birth control pills. Women who smoke should not use the patch because of increased risk of stroke and heart attack, according to health officials.
  • 58. Widthrawal • Withdrawal is the deliberate removal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation so that sperm is not deposited in or near the vagina. • This method of contraception is not recommended, because drops of fluid secreted by the penis when it first becomes erect can contain enough sperm to cause pregnancy. • In addition, a man may not withdraw in time. • With typical use, withdrawal is effective in preventing pregnancy 81 percent of the time. • Withdrawal does not protect against STIs.
  • 59. Continuous Abstinence • Abstinence is the avoidance of any sexual activity that could cause pregnancy. • This includes intercourse and other sexual activities in which semen may come in contact with the vulva (external female genitals) or vagina. • Abstinence is completely effective in preventing pregnancy as well as STIs, and it poses no health risks.
  • 60. Fertility Awareness Methhods • Fertility awareness methods are a collection of practices that help a woman know which days of the month she is most likely to get pregnant. • A woman is most fertile during a period that ranges from five days before ovulation to two days after ovulation. • A woman can learn when she is ovulating by observing her body and charting physical changes.
  • 61. Fertility Awareness Methods • Fertility awareness methods are most reliable for women with regular menstrual cycles. • As a woman becomes more familiar with the signs of ovulation and the pattern of her menstrual cycle, fertility awareness methods become more effective.
  • 62. Fertility Awareness Methods • During the days surrounding ovulation, she can then abstain from sexual intercourse (known as periodic abstinence or natural family planning) or use a barrier method of contraception during intercourse. • With typical use, fertility awareness methods are generally about 80 percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
  • 63. Fertility Awareness Methods • Fertility awareness methods require a high level of commitment to consistently and accurately monitor ovulation. Most experts recommend using more than one method to more accurately determine a woman’s fertile period. • Some couples find abstinence from sexual intercourse during the fertile period inconvenient. • In addition, fertility awareness methods do not provide protection against STIs.
  • 64. Fertility Awareness Methods • Methods that can help predict ovulation include monitoring the lengths of menstrual cycles, measuring basal body temperature, and observing changes in cervical mucus: 1. Calendar Charting 2. Basal Body Temperature Measurement 3. Cervical Mucus Monitoring
  • 65. Calendar Charting Calendar Charting – In calendar charting a woman uses past menstrual cycles as a guide to predict ovulation dates. Over a period of 8 to 12 months she keeps a record of the dates of her first day of menstruation. From this record she can calculate the average number of days in her menstrual cycle, and estimate the day in her cycle when she is most likely ovulating.
  • 66. Basal Body Temperature Measurement Basal Body Temperature Measurement – In the basal body temperature method a woman takes her temperature at the same time each morning before getting out of bed. – In most women, body temperature rises about one degree on the day of ovulation and stays raised for several days.
  • 67. Basal Body Temperature Measurement – A woman can keep a record of her basal body temperature over a period of 8 to 12 consecutive months to determine the time in her cycle when she ovulates. – The primary drawback of using this method by itself is that many factors can raise body temperature, including illness, lack of sleep, and alcohol or drug use.
  • 68. Cervical Mucus Monitoring Cervical Mucus Monitoring – The cervical mucus method of determining fertility requires a woman to monitor the consistency of her cervical mucus. – Cervical mucus changes consistency during the menstrual cycle and plays a vital role in fertilization of the egg. Mucus that is clear, wet, and sticky or elastic appears in the days preceding ovulation and aids in drawing sperm into the fallopian tubes where fertilization usually takes place.
  • 69. Cervical Mucus Monitoring – It also helps maintain the survival of sperm inside the woman's body. – Cervical mucus that is dry, cloudy, or yellowish indicates that ovulation is not occurring. – One drawback of this method is that the consistency of cervical mucus can be altered by the use of douches or spermicides, making it difficult for a woman to identify changes.
  • 70. Surgical Sterilization • Surgical Sterilization – An extremely safe method of birth control, surgical sterilization. – It permanent. – Two types of Surgical Sterilization : – Vasectomy • Sterilization done on males • Both the vas deferens are severed, preventing sperm from reaching the penis.
  • 71. Surgical Sterilization – Tubal Ligation • Female sterilization • The fallopian tubes are cut so that mature eggs cannot come into contact with sperm. • Side Effects are extremely rare. • Permanent and is irreversible.
  • 73. The RH Bill : An Overview • The Reproductive Health Bill, informally known as the RH Bill, are proposed laws in the Republic of the Philippines aiming to guarantee universal access to methods on contraception, abortion, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care.
  • 74. The RH Bill : An Overview • Present bill that pertains to the goal of RH Bill: – House Bill # 4244 ─ An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health, and Population and Development, and For Other Purposes – Senate Bill # 2378 ─ An Act Providing For a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development
  • 75. The RH Bill : An Overview • Goals of RH Bill – Have planned child birth to ease poverty – Make contraceptives available for every couply in the health centers nationwode – Educate Filipino people about the proper family planning – Lower the rate of infant death – Protect women and children’s health
  • 76. The RH Bill : An Overview • Issues about RH Bill – The bill is highly divisive, with experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the government and each other in the process. – Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills, with tens of thousands of opposition particularly those endorsed by the bishops of the Roman Catholic Church and various other conservative groups, have been happening nationwide.
  • 77. The RH Bill : An Overview • Class Activity : Debate about the RH Bill. Shall it be passed or not? Why? Why not?
  • 78. Prepared by : Riziel Joanne Mercado and Merlyn Millado