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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- 1. CHAPTER 4: PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC CELLS Microbiology August 12, 2013
- 2. COMPARING PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES oThey are chemically similar oNucleic acids oProteins oLipids oCarbohydrates oBut there are many differences between the 2 types of cells
- 3. DIFFERENCES (PAGE 100, TABLE 4.2)Prokaryotes oDNA is circular and not enclosed oNo special proteins associated with DNA oLack membrane-bound organelles and nucleus oCell walls contain peptidoglycan (sugar) oCell division by binary fission Eukaryotes oDNA is in the cell’s nucleus oDNA is compacted into chromosomes oSeveral membrane-bound organelles oCell walls (if present) are chemically simple oCell division is by mitosis
- 4. PROKARYOTES oArchaea and Bacteria oMostly identified by shape, chemical make-up, nutritional requirements oThree different shapes oCoccus oBacillus oSpiral
- 8. EXTERNAL STRUCTURES TO CELL WALL (PG 80) oGlycocalyx = a sugar coat that surrounds cells for protection oCapsule or slime layer oFlagella = a long filamentous appendage used for locomotion oPilus = used to join cells together to transfer bacterial DNA through conjugation
- 10. CELL WALL oProvides shape of cell oAlmost all prokaryotes have cell walls oArchaea may lack cell walls or lack cell walls composed of peptioglycan oComposed of a complex sugar called peptidoglycan oMain function = “prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than that outside the cell” (page 85)
- 11. CELL WALLS OF PROKARYOTES Gram Positive (+) ±Many layers of peptidoglycan ±Stains purple because dye is trapped ±Cell well is (+) charged Gram Negative (-) ±Thin layer of peptidoglycan ±Stains pink because stain is released ±Cell well is (-) charged
- 12. INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF CELL WALLS oPlasma membrane = think structure lying inside the cell wall oPhospholipid bilayer oCytoplasm = substance inside the lipid bilayer that is composed for 80% water, gelatinous
- 13. oNucleoid = the nuclear area of the bacterial cell which contains a single continuous, circular, double strand of DNA oRibosomes = the site of protein synthesis oEndospores = a specialized resting cell that is highly durable in extreme environments oFormed inside the cell membrane
- 14. MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES oSimple diffusion = the net movement of ions from high concentration to low concentration oFacilitated diffusion = the movement of ions from high to low concentration by the action of transporters oOsmosis = the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration oIsotonic solution oHypotonic solution oHypertonic solution
- 15. oActive transport = the cell must use ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane ohttp://youtu.be/yz7EHJFDEJs
- 16. PART 2: EUKARYOTES Continuation of Chapter 4 notes
- 18. EXTERNAL STRUCTURES oFlagella = external structures used for locomotion and are long filaments, few in number oCilia = external structures used for locomotion and are numerous and short projections http://youtu.be/sZlDAAu2oZ0
- 19. CELL WALL oNot all eukaryotes have cell walls, some have a pellicle or plasma membrane oOther cell walls are made of chitin or cellulose oNO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- 20. INTERNAL STRUCTURES oCytoplasm = the substance inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus oCytoskeleton = structures that provide support for the eukaryotic cell. It include microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. oRibosomes = the site of protein synthesis
- 21. oOrganelles are structures with specific shapes and specialized functions oNucleus oEndoplasmic Reticulum oGolgi Complex oLysosomes oVacuoles oMitochondria “the powerhouse of the cell” oChloroplasts oCentrosome
- 22. EVOLUTION OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL oEndosymbiosis theory was proposed by Lynn Margulis oStates that larger bacterial cells lost their cell walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cells o“Eukaryotes come from prokaryotes” oSymbiosis means “living together”