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Economic activities
in the E.U.
UNIT 8
IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
TEACHER: ROCÍO BAUTISTA
ACTIVE
POPULATION
 ACTIVE POPULATION = people aged 16 or above
who work or actively seek for a job.
ACTIVE
POPULATION
 High rate of active population (71,9%):
 High % of adults in the population structure.
 Many women work outside the household.
ACTIVE
POPULATION
 Active population varies according to age, gender & level of education.
Among the active population there are more:
 OLDER PEOPLE (VS young people)  education lasts
longer & people delay their retirement.
 MEN (VS women)
 TRAINED PEOPLE (VS people with a low level of
education)
ACTIVE
POPULATION
 Active population also varies according to economic sectors.
 PRIMARY SECTOR: few people work in it.
 SECONDARY SECTOR: grew during the Industrial Revolution, but lost importance in the 1970’s
due to:
 mechanisation (humans’ work
replaced by machines, robots…)
 industrial offshoring (manufacturing is
undertaken in developing countries)
 TERTIARY SECTOR: highest due to higher
living standards (education & healthcare
available for everyone, higher demand
of varied services – leisure, tourism,
transports, trade…-)
ACTIVE
POPULATION
 However, there are differences between countries:
 EASTERN COUNTRIES: the primary & secondary sectors are more important.
 WESTERN & NORTHERN COUNTRIES: the tertiary sector is more important.
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
Problems affecting the
active population
AGING
GENDER
INEQUALITIES
UNEMPLOYMENT
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
UNEMPLOYMENT
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
UNEMPLOYMENT
 Is higher among...
 YOUNG PEOPLE
 LOWER EDUCATION LEVELS
 WOMEN (in some countries)
Tasa de paro por género
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
AGEING OF THE ACTIVE POPULATION
 Due to...
 Fall in birth rate & increase in life
expectancy.
 Pension systems will be
unsustainable. Need to increase
the retirement age.
PROBLEM
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
AGEING OF THE ACTIVE POPULATION
ACTIVE
POPULATION: PROBLEMS
GENDER INEQUALITIES
 Women have…
 Lower employment rates:
they carry out more
household tasks.
 Lower salaries:
part-time & low-paid jobs,
fewer positions of
responsibility.
ACTIVITIES
 P. 176-177  EXERCISES 1 / 2 / 3
 Do a summary/outline of p.176
PRIMARY SECTOR
 AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES
• Industrialized & technologically advanced.
• Production:
 Intended to sell in national & international markets.
 Specialized  adapted to the characteristics of the
environment.
 Oceanic climate region
 Continental climate region
 Mediterranean region.
Oceanic climate region
Continental climate region
Mediterranean region
Traditional dryland
agriculture
Intensive irrigated agriculture
PRIMARY SECTOR
Problems of agrarian activities in the EU:
 Food safety
 Over-production
 Environmental damage
 Abandonment of agrarian activities.
Tried to be solved with a
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
PRIMARY SECTOR
PRIMARY SECTOR
PRIMARY SECTOR
 FISHING
• Modern & technologically advanced fleet.
• Main fishing countries: Norway, Spain, Denmark...
• Use of the production: direct human consumption or industrial
transformation (fishmeal & oils).
PRIMARY SECTOR
Problems of fishing in the EU:
 Excessive capacity of the fleet with regard to the available fishing resources
 Over-fishing  danger of exhausting certain species.
Tried to be solved with a
Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)
Catch limits are above the scientific advises.
Many areas are overexploited.
U8. economic activities in europe
U8. economic activities in europe
ACTIVITIES
 P. 178-179  EXERCISE 1.
 Which are the EU policies to regulate agriculture & fishing? What are
their aims?
 Do a summary/outline of p.178-9
SECONDARY SECTOR
 Does Europe have enough
minerals & energy sources?
 Which 3 European
countries have oil & natural
gas reserves?
PRODUCCIÓN
MUNDIAL DE GAS, 2006
SECONDARY SECTOR
 RAW MATERIALS (MINERALS) & ENERGY SOURCES
• Are in short supply in Europe  need to be imported.
• Exceptions: UK, Norway, Netherlands  surplus of energy; can
export.
SECONDARY SECTOR
 INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN EUROPE
• IN CRISIS  traditional sectors
(textile, iron, steel, ship
building…)
• GROWING (OR ENDURING) 
Dynamic sectors (food,
chemical, cars, machines,
high-tech sectors -IT,
electronics, biotechnology,
aerospace…-)
Why?
INNOVATIVE (HIGH-TECH)
INDUSTRIES
TRADITIONAL (MATURE)
INDUSTRIES
• Located in developed
countries:
 Advanced services.
 Infrastructures.
 Qualified labour force.
 High purchase power
consumers.
• Located in developing
countries:
 Abundant but unqualified
labour force.
 Special conditions (duty-free
zones) & permissive
environmental legislations.
SECONDARY SECTOR
 INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN EUROPE
• Main industrial regions:
• BLUE BANANA (diagonal axis)
• MEDITERRANEAN ARCH (sunbelt)
• In these regions industrial activities have
located in:
 Ports: marine activities & those that import raw
materials by sea (steel, oil refineries,
petrochemicals).
 Cities (workforce & consumer market):
consumer & high-tech industries.
• Current trend: spread to the outskirts (main
communication lines) seeking for cheap
land prices.
U8. economic activities in europe
SECONDARY SECTOR
 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL POLICY
3 aims
Environmental
care
Create new economic
activities & innovative
industries, specially in areas
of industrial crisis (to avoid
their economic decline)
Increase
investment in
new
technologies
and R&D
Increase the investment in R&D 
will lead to develop new innovative
industries
Increase the investment in R&D  will lead to develop new innovative industries
Take care of the
environment
ACTIVITIES
• Do a summary/outline of p.180-1
• P. 180  Ex. 1 & 2b
• Map of industrial areas in Europe: draw a key
for your map, and colour in the BLUE BANANA
(diagonal axis) & the MEDITERRANEAN ARCH
(sunbelt). Locate the main cities in them (help
yourself with the maps on p.183 & 250):
BLUE BANANA BOTH MEDITERRANEAN ARCH
ENGLAND:
• Manchester
• London
FRANCE:
• Lille
• Strasbourg
NETHERLANDS:
• Amsterdam
• Rotterdam
BELGIUM:
• Brussels
• Antwerp
GERMANY:
• Düsseldorf
• Frankfurt
• Stuttgart
• Munich
LUXEMBOURG:
• Luxembourg
AUSTRIA:
• Innsbruck
SWITZERLAND:
• Zurich
ITALY:
• Milan
• Venice
• Genoa
FRANCE:
• Marseille
SPAIN:
• Barcelona
• Valencia
• Alicante
• Murcia
TERTIARY SECTOR
 TRADE
• UE = World’s leading trading
region.
• Most exchanges take place
between EU members,
because the EU constitutes a
customs union:
 Free trade among the EU
members
 A common external tariff
to goods imported from
other countries.
TERTIARY SECTOR
 TRADE
• Outside the EU: most exchanges with USA & Asia.
TERTIARY SECTOR
 TRANSPORT
• One of the most modern & efficient
transport networks in the world.
 Dense network of motorways &
main roads
 High-speed rail network
 Important sea ports (Atlantic &
Mediterranean)
 Major airports
The EU has a dense
ROAD
&
HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY
networks
Which are the
busiest airports
in the World?
How many of
them are in the
EU?
How many of the top seaports in
the world are in the EU?
Which are they?
EU Transport policy: build a Trans-European Transport Network made up of
high-speed railways & motorways to connect Europe from N-S & E-W, to
boost the functioning of the internal market.
TERTIARY SECTOR
 TOURISM
• EUROPE’s international tourism:
 Major point of origin:
high standard of living.
 Several top destination
countries:
France, Spain, Italy, Germany, UK.
What attracts foreign
people to come to
Europe?
What % of international
tourists chose Europe as
their destination?
Which are the favorite
touristic regions in Europe?
TERTIARY SECTOR
 TOURISM
• EU TOURISM POLICY: the EU tries
to foster tourism (key sector) by
developing new forms of tourism
& improving tourist information &
safety.
MAIN FORMS
OF TOURISM IN
EUROPE
Alpine
holidays
Rural &
natural
sites
tourism
Cultural
holidaysBusiness
trips
Beach
holidays
http://www.visiteurope.com/en/home
ACTIVITIES
• Do a summary/outline of p.182.
• P. 182-183  Exercises 1 / 2 / 3
• How has free trade been smoothed inside the boundaries of the EU? How does
the EU promote European products VS foreign products?

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U8. economic activities in europe

  • 1. Economic activities in the E.U. UNIT 8 IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA TEACHER: ROCÍO BAUTISTA
  • 2. ACTIVE POPULATION  ACTIVE POPULATION = people aged 16 or above who work or actively seek for a job.
  • 3. ACTIVE POPULATION  High rate of active population (71,9%):  High % of adults in the population structure.  Many women work outside the household.
  • 4. ACTIVE POPULATION  Active population varies according to age, gender & level of education. Among the active population there are more:  OLDER PEOPLE (VS young people)  education lasts longer & people delay their retirement.  MEN (VS women)  TRAINED PEOPLE (VS people with a low level of education)
  • 5. ACTIVE POPULATION  Active population also varies according to economic sectors.  PRIMARY SECTOR: few people work in it.  SECONDARY SECTOR: grew during the Industrial Revolution, but lost importance in the 1970’s due to:  mechanisation (humans’ work replaced by machines, robots…)  industrial offshoring (manufacturing is undertaken in developing countries)  TERTIARY SECTOR: highest due to higher living standards (education & healthcare available for everyone, higher demand of varied services – leisure, tourism, transports, trade…-)
  • 6. ACTIVE POPULATION  However, there are differences between countries:  EASTERN COUNTRIES: the primary & secondary sectors are more important.  WESTERN & NORTHERN COUNTRIES: the tertiary sector is more important.
  • 7. ACTIVE POPULATION: PROBLEMS Problems affecting the active population AGING GENDER INEQUALITIES UNEMPLOYMENT
  • 9. ACTIVE POPULATION: PROBLEMS UNEMPLOYMENT  Is higher among...  YOUNG PEOPLE  LOWER EDUCATION LEVELS  WOMEN (in some countries) Tasa de paro por género
  • 10. ACTIVE POPULATION: PROBLEMS AGEING OF THE ACTIVE POPULATION  Due to...  Fall in birth rate & increase in life expectancy.  Pension systems will be unsustainable. Need to increase the retirement age. PROBLEM
  • 11. ACTIVE POPULATION: PROBLEMS AGEING OF THE ACTIVE POPULATION
  • 12. ACTIVE POPULATION: PROBLEMS GENDER INEQUALITIES  Women have…  Lower employment rates: they carry out more household tasks.  Lower salaries: part-time & low-paid jobs, fewer positions of responsibility.
  • 13. ACTIVITIES  P. 176-177  EXERCISES 1 / 2 / 3  Do a summary/outline of p.176
  • 14. PRIMARY SECTOR  AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES • Industrialized & technologically advanced. • Production:  Intended to sell in national & international markets.  Specialized  adapted to the characteristics of the environment.  Oceanic climate region  Continental climate region  Mediterranean region.
  • 18. PRIMARY SECTOR Problems of agrarian activities in the EU:  Food safety  Over-production  Environmental damage  Abandonment of agrarian activities. Tried to be solved with a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
  • 21. PRIMARY SECTOR  FISHING • Modern & technologically advanced fleet. • Main fishing countries: Norway, Spain, Denmark... • Use of the production: direct human consumption or industrial transformation (fishmeal & oils).
  • 22. PRIMARY SECTOR Problems of fishing in the EU:  Excessive capacity of the fleet with regard to the available fishing resources  Over-fishing  danger of exhausting certain species. Tried to be solved with a Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)
  • 23. Catch limits are above the scientific advises.
  • 24. Many areas are overexploited.
  • 27. ACTIVITIES  P. 178-179  EXERCISE 1.  Which are the EU policies to regulate agriculture & fishing? What are their aims?  Do a summary/outline of p.178-9
  • 28. SECONDARY SECTOR  Does Europe have enough minerals & energy sources?  Which 3 European countries have oil & natural gas reserves? PRODUCCIÓN MUNDIAL DE GAS, 2006
  • 29. SECONDARY SECTOR  RAW MATERIALS (MINERALS) & ENERGY SOURCES • Are in short supply in Europe  need to be imported. • Exceptions: UK, Norway, Netherlands  surplus of energy; can export.
  • 30. SECONDARY SECTOR  INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN EUROPE • IN CRISIS  traditional sectors (textile, iron, steel, ship building…) • GROWING (OR ENDURING)  Dynamic sectors (food, chemical, cars, machines, high-tech sectors -IT, electronics, biotechnology, aerospace…-) Why?
  • 31. INNOVATIVE (HIGH-TECH) INDUSTRIES TRADITIONAL (MATURE) INDUSTRIES • Located in developed countries:  Advanced services.  Infrastructures.  Qualified labour force.  High purchase power consumers. • Located in developing countries:  Abundant but unqualified labour force.  Special conditions (duty-free zones) & permissive environmental legislations.
  • 32. SECONDARY SECTOR  INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN EUROPE • Main industrial regions: • BLUE BANANA (diagonal axis) • MEDITERRANEAN ARCH (sunbelt) • In these regions industrial activities have located in:  Ports: marine activities & those that import raw materials by sea (steel, oil refineries, petrochemicals).  Cities (workforce & consumer market): consumer & high-tech industries. • Current trend: spread to the outskirts (main communication lines) seeking for cheap land prices.
  • 34. SECONDARY SECTOR  EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL POLICY 3 aims Environmental care Create new economic activities & innovative industries, specially in areas of industrial crisis (to avoid their economic decline) Increase investment in new technologies and R&D
  • 35. Increase the investment in R&D  will lead to develop new innovative industries
  • 36. Increase the investment in R&D  will lead to develop new innovative industries
  • 37. Take care of the environment
  • 38. ACTIVITIES • Do a summary/outline of p.180-1 • P. 180  Ex. 1 & 2b • Map of industrial areas in Europe: draw a key for your map, and colour in the BLUE BANANA (diagonal axis) & the MEDITERRANEAN ARCH (sunbelt). Locate the main cities in them (help yourself with the maps on p.183 & 250): BLUE BANANA BOTH MEDITERRANEAN ARCH ENGLAND: • Manchester • London FRANCE: • Lille • Strasbourg NETHERLANDS: • Amsterdam • Rotterdam BELGIUM: • Brussels • Antwerp GERMANY: • Düsseldorf • Frankfurt • Stuttgart • Munich LUXEMBOURG: • Luxembourg AUSTRIA: • Innsbruck SWITZERLAND: • Zurich ITALY: • Milan • Venice • Genoa FRANCE: • Marseille SPAIN: • Barcelona • Valencia • Alicante • Murcia
  • 39. TERTIARY SECTOR  TRADE • UE = World’s leading trading region. • Most exchanges take place between EU members, because the EU constitutes a customs union:  Free trade among the EU members  A common external tariff to goods imported from other countries.
  • 40. TERTIARY SECTOR  TRADE • Outside the EU: most exchanges with USA & Asia.
  • 41. TERTIARY SECTOR  TRANSPORT • One of the most modern & efficient transport networks in the world.  Dense network of motorways & main roads  High-speed rail network  Important sea ports (Atlantic & Mediterranean)  Major airports
  • 42. The EU has a dense ROAD & HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY networks
  • 43. Which are the busiest airports in the World? How many of them are in the EU?
  • 44. How many of the top seaports in the world are in the EU? Which are they?
  • 45. EU Transport policy: build a Trans-European Transport Network made up of high-speed railways & motorways to connect Europe from N-S & E-W, to boost the functioning of the internal market.
  • 46. TERTIARY SECTOR  TOURISM • EUROPE’s international tourism:  Major point of origin: high standard of living.  Several top destination countries: France, Spain, Italy, Germany, UK. What attracts foreign people to come to Europe?
  • 47. What % of international tourists chose Europe as their destination? Which are the favorite touristic regions in Europe?
  • 48. TERTIARY SECTOR  TOURISM • EU TOURISM POLICY: the EU tries to foster tourism (key sector) by developing new forms of tourism & improving tourist information & safety.
  • 49. MAIN FORMS OF TOURISM IN EUROPE Alpine holidays Rural & natural sites tourism Cultural holidaysBusiness trips Beach holidays
  • 51. ACTIVITIES • Do a summary/outline of p.182. • P. 182-183  Exercises 1 / 2 / 3 • How has free trade been smoothed inside the boundaries of the EU? How does the EU promote European products VS foreign products?