Types, advantages and disadvantages

1. In Architecture and Structural Engineering, a truss is a structure comprising
one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose
ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.
INTRODUCTION:-
•King Post Truss
•Queen Post Truss
•Howe Truss
•Pratt Truss
•Fan Truss
•North Light Roof Truss
•Quadrangular Roof Truss
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
STEEL ROOF TRUSSES:-
ADVANTAGES OF ROOF
TRUSSES:-
• Are Cost effective.
Can be installed quickly even without
heavy equipment to lift it into place.
• Unique properties of a triangular object
allow trusses to span across longer
distances.
•A triangular truss maintains its shape,
preventing shift and sag. Thus giving
stability to the structure.
•The shape of a triangle allows all of the
weight applied to the sides to be
redistributed down and away from the
center.
Tubular Steel Truss are used for large span constructions such as
factories, industry worksheds, shopping malls, huge exhibition
centre, multiplexes etc. They are generally used for spans as large
as 25-30m.
TUBULAR STEEL TRUSS:-
ADVANTAGES OF TUBULAR STEEL
ROOF TRUSSES:-
•30% to 40% less surface area than that of an equivalent rolled
steel shape. Therefore, the cost of maintenance, cost of painting
or protective coatings reduce considerably.
•The moisture and dirt do not collect on the smooth external
surface of the tubes. Therefore, the possibility of corrosion also
reduces.
•The ends of tubes are sealed. As a result of this, the interior
surface is not subjected to corrosion. The interior surface do not
need any protective treatment.
•They have more torsional resistance than other section of the
equal weight.
DISADVANTAGES OF ROOF
TRUSSES:-
•Truss uplift only occurs in cold climates
because of the heat differential between
the bottom of the truss buried in
insulation and the top exposed to the cold
attic air.
•High heat conductivity of metals requires
careful incorporation of insulation into the
roof structure.
•Rusting..
SUB:-BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION`
TOPIC:-STEEL ROOF
TRUSS
SUBMITTED BY:-
ROHIT DUTTA (32)
REMARK:-

2. `m
OFFICE BUILDING AND LOGISTIC CENTER
The project is located in a strategic
industrial area, well connected with the
main highway which bring traffic from the
north to the south part of Italy.
Regarding the materials, due to the fact
that the structure and the main envelope
was made of precast concrete.
All the other side of the building will be
made by a precast concrete panel with a
vertical texture.
The top floor of this office block in
Italy by architects Modostudio is
screened by faceted concrete panels
that resemble Inca stonework.
The ground floor has a glazed curtain
wall, in contrast to the heavy precast
cladding on the upper floor.
Glass partitions across the interior of
the building allow natural light to filter
through every office
NILOTPAL NATH(31)
ROHIT DUTTA(32)
JYOTIRMOY DEB(13)
ANKUR RAJ TALUKDER(26)
THUNGBEN LOTHA(17)
TOPIC:- PRECAST
CONCRETE
STUCTURE
SUB:- BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
ASSIGNMENT
NO:-
Precast concrete is a construction product
produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold
which is then cured in a controlled environment,
transported to the construction site and lifted into
place.
INTRODUCTION
Advantages:
• Very rapid speed of erection
• Good quality control
• Entire building can be precast-walls, floors, beams ,etc.
• Rapid construction on site
• High quality because of the controlled conditions in the factory
• Prestressing is easily done which can reduce the size and number of the
structural members
Disadvantages:
• Very heavy members
• Camber in beams and slabs
• Very small margin for error
• Connections may be difficult
• Somewhat limited building design flexibility
• Can not be used for two-way structural systems.
• Need for repetition of forms will affect building design.
• Joints between panels are often expensive and complicated.
• Skilled workmanship is required in the application of the panel on site.
USES:
• Used as fireplace mantels, cladding, trim products, accessories, and
curtain walls. Structural applications of precast concrete include
foundations, beams, floors, walls, and other structural components.
• Multi- storey car parking are commonly constructed using precast
concrete.
• Floating docks, underwater infrastructure, decking, railings and a host of
amenities are among the uses of precast along the waterfront.
• Used in building, including schools, office buildings, apartment
buildings, townhouses, condominiums, hotels, motels, dormitories, and
single-family homes

3. •A SPACE FRAME IS A TRUSS-LIKE, LIGHTWEIGHT RIGID STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTED FROM INTERLOCKING STRUTS IN A
GEOMETRIC PATTERN.
SPACE FRAMES USUALLY UTILIZE A MULTIDIRECTIONAL SPAN, AND ARE OFTEN USED TO ACCOMPLISH LONG SPANS WITH
FEW SUPPORTS. THEY DERIVE THEIR STRENGTH FROM THE INHERENT RIGIDITY OF THE TRIANGULAR FRAME; FLEXING LOADS
(BENDING MOMENTS) ARE TRANSMITTED AS TENSION AND COMPRESSION LOADS ALONG THE LENGTH OF EACH STRUT.
INTRODUCTION:-
APPLICATION
SPACE FRAME IS USED FOR COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS, AUDITORIUMS,
AIRPORT HANGERS, SPORT STADIUM, SKY LIGHTS, MOSQUE, LIGHTING TOWERS, PETROL
PUMPS, CANOPIES, EXHIBITION HALL, ATRIUM, TOLL NAKA, LPG BOTTLING PLANTS.
TYPES OF SPACE FRAMES •SINGLE LAYER GRID.
•DOUBLE LAYER GRID.
•TRIPLE LAYER GRID
•PLEATED METALLIC STRUCTURES.
•HANGING COVERS.
CLASSIFICATION BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF ITS
ELEMENTS
THE SIMPLEST FORM OF SPACE FRAME IS A HORIZONTAL SLAB OF INTER LOCKING SQUARE PYRAMIDS
AND TETRAHEDRA BUILT FROM ALUMINIUM TUBULAR STEEL STRUTS.
SALIENT FEATURES
•ENORMOUS SPANNING CAPABILITY
•LIGHT WEIGHT
•HIGH AESTHETICS
•HIGH RESALE VALUE
•HIGHER SAFETY FACTOR
•EXTENSION WITH ADDITIONAL UNIT
LONDON STANSTED AIRPORT
JOINT
DETAIL
ASSIGNMENT
NO:-
NAME:- ROHIT DUTTA
ROLL NO:- 11750 ARC 00032
TOPIC:-
SPACE FRAME
STRUCTURE
SUBJECT:-
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

4. INTRODUCTION:-
PRECAST CONCRETE IS A CONSTRUCTION PRODUCT PRODUCED BY
CASTING CONCRETE IN A REUSABLE MOLD OR "FORM" WHICH IS THEN CURED IN A
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT, TRANSPORTED TO THE CONSTRUCTION SITE AND LIFTED
INTO PLACE.
DEPENDING UPON THE GEOMETRY OF MIDDLE SURFACE WALLS THE
SHELL STRUCTURES CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:
•DOMES
•SHELL BARREL ARCH/VAULT
•TRANSLATION SHELLS
•RULED SURFACE SHELL
DOME:
•ARE HEMISPHERICAL IN SHAPE
•USED AS ROOF STRUCTURE
•CONSTRUCTED OF STONE, CONCRETE & BRICK
•SUPPORTED ON CIRCULAR/REGULAR POLYGON SHAPED
WALLS
•HAVE CERTAIN HEIGHT &DIAMETER RATIO
•HAVE VERY SMALL THICKNESS
•ARE OF TWO TYPES:
1. SMOOTH SHELL
2. RIBBED SHELL
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHELL VAULT:
•MULTI-BARREL VAULT
•CANTILEVER BARREL VAULT
•SHORT OPEN VAULT
•NORTH LIGHT BARREL VAULT
SHELL BARREL VAULT:
•IS AN ARCHED FORM
•USED TO PROVIDE A SPACE WITH CEILING OR ROOF
•ELEMENTS OF BARREL SHELL-
*CURVED MEMBRANE
*TENSION ZONE
*RISE
*SPAN
*WIDTH
*EDGE BEAMS
*END FRAME OF DIAPHRAM
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOME:
TRANSLATION SHELL:
•IS A TYPE OF SHELL STRUCTURE
•DOME SET ON 4 ARCHES
•DIFFERENT FROM SPHERICAL DOME
•EASIER TO FORM THAN SPHERICAL DOME
•OBTAINED BY MOVING A VERTICAL CURVE PARALLEL TO ITSELF ALONG
ANOTHER VERTICAL CURVE USUALLY IN PLAN AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE PLANE
OF SLIDING CURVE
•HIGH TENSION FORCES IN THE CORNER
•SPECIAL CASES ARE:
1. CYLINDRICAL SHELL
2. HYPERBOLIC PARABOID
ASSIGNMENT
NO:-
TOPIC:-
DOME
SUBJECT:-
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
NAME:- ROHIT DUTTA
ROLL NO:- 11750 ARC 00032

5. ASSIGNMENT
NO:-
TOPIC:-
SHELL ROOF
NAME:- ROHIT DUTTA
ROLL NO:- 11750 ARC 00032
SUBJECT:-
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION:-
A THIN SHELL IS DEFINED AS A SHELL WITH A THICKNESS
WHICH IS SMALL COMPARED TO ITS OTHER DIMENSIONS.IT IS
MADE FROM THIN MATERIAL.THE ROOF IS CURVED AND USED
TO COVER LARGE BUILDINGS.LOT OF LOAD IS TRANSFERRED IN
THESE ROOFS MEMBRANE COMPARISSION RATHER THAN
BENDING AS IN THE CASE OF CONVENTIONAL SLAB AND BEAM
CONSTRUCTION.
TYPES OF SHELL ROOFS:-
•MORE STRENGTH COMPARED WITH OTHER STRUCTURES
•ECONOMICAL IN CONSTRUCTION
•ATTRACTIVE AND DECORATIVE APPEARANCE
•AESTHETIC IN VIEWS
•REQUIRE MINIMUM STEEL AND CONCRETE
ADVANTAGES
•MOSTLY USED FOR RCC ROOFING
•SHUTTERING AND CENTERING IS COSTLY
•THE COST OF LABOUR IS HIGH
•SKILL LABOUR IS REQUIRED
DISADVANTAGES
USES:
IT IS USED IN FACTORIES, MUSEUM OR GALLERY, PAVILION, ETC
One of Dalian’s key high-end construction projects is the new Shell Museum. With more than 5,000
kinds of precious shells from all over the world on display inside, the building’s exterior has created quite a
stir
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OF SHELL ROOF

6. FOLDED PLATES
FOLDED PLATES ARE ASSEMBLIES OF FLAT PLATES RIGIDLY CONNECTED
TOGETHER ALONG THEIR EDGES IN SUCH A WAY SO AS TO MAKE THE
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM CAPABLE OF CARRYING LOADS WITHOUT THE NEED FOR
ADDITIONAL SUPPORTING BEAMS ALONG MUTUAL EDGES.
TYPES OF FOLDED PLATES :
1- PRISMATIC : IF THEY CONSIST OF
RECTANGULAR PLATES.
2- PYRAMIDAL : WHEN NON-RECTANGULAR
PLATES ARE USED.
3- PRISMOIDAL, TRIANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
TOPIC:
FOLDED PLATES
NAME: ROHIT DUTTA
ROLL NO: 32 7TH SEM
GCA.
SHEET REMARKS
NET STUDY
NATIONAL BUILDING FOR WALES
ADVANTAGES:
•SIMPLICITY IN MANUFACTURE
•MADE IN SITE
•CAN BE CURVED IN ANY FORM
DISADVANTAGES:
•REQUIRES HIGH SKILL LABOUR
•COST IS MORE
•RISE OF ROOF OF THE STRUCTURE
THE ELECTION OF THE WELSH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, THE CREATION OF
WHICH WAS APPROVED BY A REFERENDUM IN 1999, WAS A TURNING POINT
IN THE HISTORY OF WALES. ITS HOME, CARDIFF'S FORMER DOCKLANDS, IS A
STRIKING ADDITION TO THE LOCAL SCENE AND A STATEMENT OF FAITH IN
THE REGENERATION PROCESS. ARCHITECTURALLY, THE ASSEMBLY BUILDING
SEEKS TO EMBODY DEMOCRATIC VALUES OF OPENNESS AND
PARTICIPATION, WHILE ITS HIGHLY PROGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA
WILL ESTABLISH A NEW STANDARD FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN BRITAIN.
THE IDEA OF OPENNESS IS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE TRANSPARENT
FORM OF THE BUILDING. PUBLIC SPACES ARE ELEVATED ON A
SLATE-CLAD PLINTH STEPPING UP FROM THE WATER LEVEL AND
CUT AWAY TO ALLOW DAYLIGHT TO PENETRATE THE
ADMINISTRATIVE SPACES AT LOWER LEVEL. A LIGHTWEIGHT,
GENTLY UNDULATING ROOF SHELTERS BOTH INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL SPACES, PIERCED BY THE PROTRUDING EXTENSION OF
THE 60-SEAT DEBATING CHAMBER.
NEITHER GRANDILOQUENT NOR LACKING IN PRESENCE, THIS IS A
BUILDING CLOSELY IN TUNE WITH THE INSTITUTION IT HOUSES
AND PROMISES TO BE THE FIRST MAJOR ARCHITECTURAL
LANDMARK OF 21ST CENTURY WALES.

7. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
TOPIC- NORTH LIGHT
ROOF TRUSS
NAME- ROHIT DUTTA
ROLL NO- 32
SEM- VII
GCA
REMARKS SHEET NO-
INTRODUCTION:
NORTH LIGHT TRUSSES ARE TRADITIONALLY USED FOR SHORT SPANS IN INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP-TYPE BUILDINGS. THEY
ALLOW MAXIMUM BENEFIT TO BE GAINED FROM NATURAL LIGHTING BY THE USE OF GLAZING ON THE STEEPER
PITCH WHICH GENERALLY FACES NORTH OR NORTH-EAST TO REDUCE THE SOLAR GAIN.
NORTHLIGHT ROOF TRUSS
USES –
*IT IS USED IN WAREHOUSE, INDUSTRIES, FACTORIES, ETC.
*NORTH LIGHT TRUSSES ARE TRADITIONALLY USED FOR SHORT SPANS IN INDUSTRIAL WORKSHOP-TYPE BUILDINGS.
*THEY ALLOW MAXIMUM BENEFIT TO BE GAINED FROM NATURAL LIGHTING BY THE USE OF GLAZING ON THE STEEPER
PITCH WHICH GENERALLY FACES NORTH OR NORTH-EAST TO REDUCE THE SOLAR GAIN.
CRITERIA:-
*WHEN THE FLOOR SPAN EXCEEDS 15M, IT IS GENERALLY MORE ECONOMICAL TO CHANGE
FROM A SIMPLE TRUSS ARRANGEMENT TO ONE EMPLOYING WIDE SPAN LATTICE GIRDERS
WHICH SUPPORT TRUSSES AT RIGHT ANGLES.
*THIS ROOF CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF TRUSSES FIXED TO GIRDERS. THE SHORT VERTICAL SIDE OF
THE TRUSS IS GLAZED SO THAT WHEN THE ROOF IS USED IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, THE
GLAZED PORTION FACES NORTH FOR THE BEST LIGHT.
*IT CAN BE USED FOR SPANS FROM 20-30M.
*USED FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS, DRAWING ROOMS ETC.