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- 1. PETA MINDA TAHUN 4, TAHUN 5, TAHUN 6 SAINS
- 3. MENYIASAT BENDA HIDUP 1. Benda Hidup Mempunyai Keperluan Asas 2. Benda Hidup Menjalani Proses Hidup 3. Haiwan Dan Tumbuhan Melindungi Diri
- 4. 1.1 Memahami manusia mempunyai keperluan asas Membekal tenaga Tumbesaran Bernafas Kekal sihat Makanan Makanan Udara Udara Keperluan Asas Manusia Air Air Tempat Tempat perlindungan perlindungan Minum Tumbesaran Kekal sihat Melindungi dari • bahaya • sinaran matahari • hujan
- 5. 1.2 Memahami haiwan memerlukan keperluan asas Membekal tenaga Tumbesaran Bernafas Kekal sihat Udara Udara Makanan Makanan Keperluan Asas Haiwan Air Air jenis : • lubang • gua • sarang Habitat Habitat Minum Tumbesaran Kekal sihat Melindungi diri • bahaya • sinaran matahari • hujan
- 6. 1.3 Memahami tumbuhan memerlukan keperluan asas Keperluan Asas Tumbuhan Keperluan Asas Tumbuhan Udara Udara Ada Keperluan Asas : • Tumbesaran sihat • Tumbesaran baik • Tidak layu Air Air Cahaya Cahaya matahari matahari Tiada Keperluan Asas • Layu • Kekuningan • Mati
- 7. 2.1 Menganalisa proses-proses hidup manusia Hidung/Mulut Saluran udara Paru-paru Tarik nafas – udara disedut Hembus nafas – udara dihembus Tujuan : • elak bahaya Organ Pernafasan Pernafasan • elak kecederaan • elak kemalangan • untuk hidup Gerakbalas Gerakbalas Organ Mata - lihat Hidung - hidu Kadar pernafasan Jumlah pergerakan dada pada sesuatu masa Menganalisa Proses-Proses Hidup Manusia Proses melahirkan anak Perkumuhan Perkumuhan Nyahtinja Nyahtinja Paru-paru Lidah - rasa ( Karbon Dioksidsa + Wap Air) Telinga - dengar Najis Buah Pinggang Kulit - sentuh Pembiakan Pembiakan ( air kencing + garam mineral ) Skin ( peluh + garam mineral)
- 8. 2.2 Menyedari tentang sesetengah perlakuan boleh mengganggu proses hidup Tabiat yang mendatangkan bahaya terhadap proses hidup Merokok Minum minuman keras Akibatnya • kanser paru-paru • batuk How to avoid How to avoid Mengambil Dadah Akibatnya • gerak balas yang lambat terhadap stimuli • terhoyong-hayang • boleh menyebabkan kemalangan Menyertai kempen Tidak menggalakkan tabiat dalam kalangan Rakan sebaya
- 9. 2.3 Menganalisis proses hidup haiwan Proses hidup haiwan Berkumuh Berkumuh Nyahtinja Nyahtinja Mengeluarkan bahan buangan dari badan Bernafas Bernafas Organ Membiak Membiak Bertelur Bertelur ular burung Paru-paru Insang “book lung” • kera • ikan • ketam Kulit lembap • katak • burung • ikan paus • cacing tanah • udang Beranak Beranak kucing harimau kelawar Ikan paus Struktur trakea • belalang
- 10. 2.4 Memahami proses-proses hidup tumbuhan Tumbuhan bergerakbalas terhadap rangsangan Bahagian tumbuhan bergerakbalas terhadap air air, cahaya matahari, sentuhan, Pelbagai cara tumbuhan membiak Graviti. akar Melalui biji , spora,, sulur, keratan batang, daun Batang bawah tanah Bahagian tumbuhan bergerakbalas terhadap graviti akar Proses-proses hidup tumbuhan Bahagian tumbuhan bergerakbalas terhadap cahaya mataharii Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku kalau tumbuhan tidak membiak Tiada bekalan makanan Kenapa tumbuhan membiak? Untuk memastikan kemandirian spesies pucuk Pembiakan tumbuhan biji– balsam, jagung, durian spora– paku-pakis, cendawan sulur – pisang, nanas Keratan batang – ubi kayu, bunga raya daun– begonia, setawar Batang bawah tanah – halia,, keledek Bahagian tumbuhan bergerakbalas terhadap sentuhan
- 11. 3.1 memahami bahawa haiwan mempunyai ciri-ciri khas dan tabiat bagi melindungi diri daripada bahaya/musuh. Ciri-ciri khas haiwan melindungi dirinya daripada bahaya/musuh Kuku yang tajam Kuku yang tajam Melindungi dirinya daripada musuh Melindungi dirinya daripada musuh bears, eagle, cat, singa bears, eagle, cat, singa Kulit yang keras dan tebal Kulit yang keras dan tebal Melindungi dirinya daripada tercedera Melindungi dirinya daripada tercedera Badak dan gajah Badak dan gajah Tabiat haiwan melindungi dirinya daripada bahaya /musuh Tabiat pura-pura mati Tabiat pura-pura mati Untuk menipu musuh Untuk menipu musuh Cth: kumbang tanduk Cth: kumbang tanduk Camouflage Camouflage Cengkerang keras Cengkerang keras Bertukar warna kulit mengikut persekitaran Bertukar warna kulit mengikut persekitaran Siput dan kura-kura memasukkan dirinya Siput dan kura-kura memasukkan dirinya Kedalam cengkerang apabila ada bahaya Kedalam cengkerang apabila ada bahaya Sesumpah dan kuda belang Sesumpah dan kuda belang Sisik keras Sisik keras Menggulung Menggulung Tenggiling dan buaya mempunyai sisik Tenggiling dan buaya mempunyai sisik Keras untuk melindunginya daripada bahaya Keras untuk melindunginya daripada bahaya Bulu deduri Bulu deduri Mengembangkan bulu dedurinya apabila Mengembangkan bulu dedurinya apabila diserang musuh diserang musuh landak landak Tanduk Tanduk Menggunakan tanduk untuk menyerang musuh Menggunakan tanduk untuk menyerang musuh Kambing dan rusa Kambing dan rusa Tenggiling menggulung dirinya apabila ada Tenggiling menggulung dirinya apabila ada bahaya/musuh bahaya/musuh cth: tenggiling, ulat gonggok cth: tenggiling, ulat gonggok Semburan cecair hitam Semburan cecair hitam Menghadkan penglihatan musuh Menghadkan penglihatan musuh Cth: sotong Cth: sotong
- 12. 3.2. Memahami bahawa haiwan mempunyai ciri-ciri khas dan tabiat melindungi dirinya daripada cuaca yang melampau 3.3. Memahami bahawa haiwan mempunyai ciri-ciri khas dan tabiat yang membenarkan mereka bermandiri Haiwan mempunyai ciri-ciri khas dan tabiat melindungi dirinya daripada cuaca melampau dan membenarkan mereka bermandiri Cuaca panas Cuaca panas Kulit Berkedut Kulit Berkedut gajah, badak dan kerbau gajah, badak dan kerbau Kehilangan haba melalui kulit berkedut Kehilangan haba melalui kulit berkedut Cuaca sejuk Cuaca sejuk Lapisan lemak Lapisan lemak Penguin, anjing laut dan ikan paus mempunyai Penguin, anjing laut dan ikan paus mempunyai lapisan lemak di bawah kulit untuk mengekal haba lapisan lemak di bawah kulit untuk mengekal haba badan badan Bulu tebal Bulu tebal Beruang kutub mempunyai bulu tebal untuk Beruang kutub mempunyai bulu tebal untuk mengelakkan kehilangan haba kepada mengelakkan kehilangan haba kepada persekitaran sejuk persekitaran sejuk Berkubang Berkubang gajah, badak dan kerbau gajah, badak dan kerbau menyejukkan badan dengan berkubang menyejukkan badan dengan berkubang dalam lumpur dalam lumpur Bonggol Bonggol Unta menyimpan makanan dan air dalam Unta menyimpan makanan dan air dalam bentuk lemak di dalam bonggolnya bentuk lemak di dalam bonggolnya Telinga kecil Telinga kecil Anjing laut dan singa laut mempunyai telinga kecil Anjing laut dan singa laut mempunyai telinga kecil untuk menhalang kehilangan haba badan untuk menhalang kehilangan haba badan Hibernate Hibernate Beruang kutub tidur semusim bagi mengekang Beruang kutub tidur semusim bagi mengekang hilangnya haba badan musim sejuk hilangnya haba badan musim sejuk
- 13. 3.4. Memahami tumbuhan mempunyai ciri-ciri khas untuk melindungi diri daripada musuh Ciri-ciri khas untuk melindungi Ciri-ciri khas untuk melindungi diri daripada musuh diri daripada musuh Menghasilkan getah Ciri-ciri yang Ciri-ciri yang melindungi melindungi Duri tumbuhan tumbuhan Bulu halus Beracun Menutup anak daun bila disentuh
- 14. 3.5. Memahami tumbuhan mempunyai ciri-ciri khas untuk melindungi diri daripada kawasan kering dan angin kuat Ciri-ciri khas Kawasan kering Kawasan kering a. Akar tunjang untuk menyerap air a. Akar tunjang untuk menyerap air b. Batang sukulen yang boleh b. Batang sukulen yang boleh menyimpan air menyimpan air c. Duri mengurangkan kehilangan c. Duri mengurangkan kehilangan air pada tumbuhan air pada tumbuhan Kawasan Kawasan berangin kuat berangin kuat a. a. b. b. c. c. d. d. Batang yang mudah melentur Batang yang mudah melentur Mempunyai akar baniir Mempunyai akar baniir Dedaun tirus/berpisah Dedaun tirus/berpisah Dedaun jarum Dedaun jarum cth: pokok kelapa, buluh, pokok bakau cth : kaktus
- 15. MENYIASAT DAYA DAN TENAGA 1. Ukuran
- 16. 1. Ukuran 1.1 Panjang 1.1 Panjang 1.2 Luas 1.2 Luas 1.3 Isipadu pepejal 1.3 Isipadu pepejal UKURAN 1.4 Isipadu cecair 1.4 Isipadu cecair 1.5 Jisim 1.5 Jisim 1.6 Masa 1.6 Masa 1.7 Unit Piawai 1.7 Unit Piawai
- 17. 1.1. Memahami ukuran panjang Pita ukur Terminologi Jarak di antara dua titik/ tempat/ kedudukan tali depa jengkal Pelbagai cara ukuran pembaris Alat piawai Panjang Teknik yang betul Pita ukur Fokus penglihatan hendaklah selari dengan hujung objek Unit mm cm m km pembaris
- 18. 1.2. Memahami cara mengukur luas Luas Terminologi Unit Piawai - Millimetre persegi (mm2) - Centimetre persegi (cm2) - Metre persegi (m2) - Kilometre persegi (km2) Luas adalah jumlah ruang yang diliputi oleh sesuatu objek Pelbagai cara mengukur luas - Menggunakan formula Meletakkan objek seragam seperti jubin, buku dan setemdi atas permukaan sesuatu objek Menggunakan kad segiempat sama 1 centimetre 3cm 3cm 1cm 1cm 2cm 4cm Luas =panjang X lebar = 4cm X 2 cm = 8cm2
- 19. 1.3. Memahami cara menyukat isipadu pepejal 1.4. Memahami cara menyukat isipadu cecair Jumlah ruang yang dipenuhi/diliputi oleh pepejal/cecair. panjang x lebar x tinggi Formula Terminologi Isipadu Silinder penyukat Alat 1.4 Cecair Unit Piawai 1.3 Pepejal Teknik yang betul Unit Piawai mm3 , cm3, m3 a) Ambil bacaan ukuran pada aras bawah meniskus b) Aras mata hendaklah pada aras bawah meniskus. ml, l
- 20. 1.5. Memahami cara mengukur jisim Terminologi Teknik mengukur Amaun jirim terkandung dalam sesuatu objek Jisim Neraca Spring Unit Piawai Neraca Elektronik Alat Neraca mikro Neraca Palang Dacing Neraca Tuas mg g kg
- 21. 1.6. Memahami cara mengukur masa Terminologi Unit Piawai Masa saat , minit , jam Julat waktu di antara dua peristiwa Alat Cara mengukur Proses ulangan seragam sesuatu peristiwa boleh mengukur masa Jam Dinding , Jam Tangan Jam Randik, Jam digital Pelbagai cara yang boleh mengukur masa Old clock -Ayunan bandul -Ayunan bandul -Kadar nadi -Kadar nadi sundial , sand clock , candle clock - -lilin yang menyala lilin yang menyala -Titisan air -Titisan air -Pertukaran siang dan malam -Pertukaran siang dan malam
- 22. 1.7. Kesedaran kepentingan menggunakan unit piawai Kepentingan Unit Piawai Kepentingan Unit Piawai untuk ketepatan untuk ketepatan dan ketekalan dan ketekalan Memudahkan Memudahkan komunikasi dan komunikasi dan pemahaman pemahaman
- 23. MENYIASAT BAHAN 1. Memahami sifat bahan
- 24. 1.1. Memahami sifat bahan logam karbon Pengalir elektrik kaca plastik Membenarkan cahaya melaluinya kayu Penebat Sifat Bahan Sifat Bahan Terapung di atas air kayu Tenggelam di dalam air batu Boleh diregang Gelang getah Mengalir haba logam
- 25. 1.2. Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan tentang sifat bahan dalam kehidupan seharian. CARA-CARA MENYIMPAN OBJEK PANAS PANAS SEJUK SEJUK Dilitupi dengan bahan penebat eg. sabut, habuk kayu, polistirena objek panas objek sejuk Menghalang pembebasan haba Menghalang penyerapan haba
- 26. 1.3. Mensintesis pengetahuan mengenai penggunaan bahan berdasarkan sifat bahan Bahan Bahan Senarai objek dan bahan Senarai objek dan bahan berdasarkan bahan apa berdasarkan bahan apa Ia diperbuat. Ia diperbuat. objek bahan Kenapa bahan tertentu digunakan Kenapa bahan tertentu digunakan untuk membuat sesuatu objek untuk membuat sesuatu objek sifat pisau logam keras Kertas tisu kayu lembut Cermin kereta kaca Lut sinar Murah Mudah diperolehi Kuat/kukuh Berkualiti tinggi
- 27. 1.4. Mengetahui kepentingan mengguna semula bahan, mengurangkan penggunaan bahan dan mengitar semula bahan Jenis Bahan Jenis Bahan Bahan buatan Bahan buatan manusia manusia Bahan semulajadi Bahan semulajadi kayu kayu kapas kapas logam logam getah getah nilon nilon plastik plastik kain tiruan kain tiruan Mengguna semula, Mengurangkan penggunaan dan Mengitar semula bahan Mengurangkan penggunaan kertas Mengguna semula beg plastik botol Mengitar semula plastik kaca
- 28. 1.5. Memahami bahawa sesetengah bahan boleh berkarat BAHAN Objek berkarat Objek berkarat Objek diperbuat daripada logam dan keluli *paku *sudu *pisau *jarum kapak Objek tidak berkarat Objek diperbuat daripada kayu, kapas, getah, kulit kaca dan sutera *gelas *botol *cawan *pensil pembaris
- 29. 1.6. Memahami bahawa pengaratan boleh dicegah. Pengaratan Pelbagai cara mencegah Pelbagai cara mencegah pengaratan pengaratan Pentingnya mencegah Pentingnya mencegah pengaratan pengaratan * Menyalut dengan bahan tidak berkarat * cat * minyak * gris *jangka hayat yang panjang *memulihara bahan semulajadi *menjimatkan kos *cantik dipandang/ menawan *Kesimpulan; Pengaratan dapat dicegah dengan mengelakkan logam terdedah kepada air dan udara
- 30. MENYIASAT BUMI DAN ALAM SEMESTA 1. SISTEM SURIA
- 31. 1.1. Memahami Sistem Suria Senarai urutan Senarai urutan planet planet Senarai ahli -8 planet -Satelit semulajadi -Meteor -Komet -Asteroid Sistem Suria Sistem Suria Planet bergerak mengelilingi Matahari akronim: Utarid …ustazah Zuhrah …zuraidah Bumi … bungkus Marikh …makanan Musytari …masa Zuhal …zuhur Uranus …untuk Neptun …nenek
- 32. 1.2. Memahami saiz dan jarak relatif antara Bumi, Bulan dan Matahari Bumi Matahari Bumi 1 100 1 Saiz relatif Matahari dengan saiz Bumi Saiz dan Jarak Saiz dan Jarak relatif relatif Bulan 4 Saiz relatif Bumi dengan saiz Bulan Jarak relatif Bumi ke Matahari berbanding jarak relatif dari Bumi ke Bulan Bumi Bulan Matahari 382 500 km 150 000 000 km 1 : 400
- 33. 1.3. Menghargai kesempurnaan kedudukan planet Bumi dalam Sistem Suria Menyatakan sebab Menyatakan sebab sesetengah planet tidak sesetengah planet tidak kondusif untuk benda hidup kondusif untuk benda hidup •Lebih dekat jarak planet daripada Matahari semakin panas permukaannya . .Lebih jauh jarak planet daripada Matahari semakin sejuk permukaannya •Ketiadaan air dan udara. Lebih dekat : •Suhu di atas muka Bumi semakin tinggi. •Berlaku sejatan air di permukaan Bumi •Ketiadaan air menyebabkan suhu tinggi Lebih jauh : •Suhu di atas muka Bumi semakin rendah. •Air membeku membentuk ais •Payah menampung kehidupan Bumi Bumi dalam dalam Sistem Suria Sistem Suria Bumi adalah satu-satunya Bumi adalah satu-satunya planet dalam Sistem Suria planet dalam Sistem Suria yang boleh menampung yang boleh menampung hidupan hidupan •Bumi adalah planet berkedudukan ke-3 dari Matahari •Menerima cahaya dan haba yang cukup dari Matahari •Bumi mempunyai keupayaan menampung kehidupan •Atmosfera Bumi mengandungi udara •Terdapat air di Bumi KESAN
- 35. 1.1.Memahami kepentingan teknologi dalam kehidupan harian. 1.1.Memahami kepentingan teknologi dalam kehidupan harian. Had keupayaan manusia Had keupayaan manusia dalam membuat sesuatu dalam membuat sesuatu Contoh had keupayaan Contoh had keupayaan ••tidak berupaya melihat objek seni tidak berupaya melihat objek seni ••tidak berupaya bercakap kuat tidak berupaya bercakap kuat ••tidak berupaya berjalan jauh tidak berupaya berjalan jauh ••tidak berupaya melihat objek jarak jauh tidak berupaya melihat objek jarak jauh Alat untuk mengatasi had Alat untuk mengatasi had keupayaan manusia keupayaan manusia Mikroskop Mikroskop --Penggunaan kanta unutk melihat objek seni dan mikrob Penggunaan kanta unutk melihat objek seni dan mikrob Mikrofon Mikrofon --Meningkatkan kelangsingan suara Meningkatkan kelangsingan suara Telefon Telefon -- Untuk berkomunikasi jarak jauh Untuk berkomunikasi jarak jauh Kenderaan Kenderaan -- Memudahkan perjalanan jarak jauh dalam masa singkat Memudahkan perjalanan jarak jauh dalam masa singkat Teleskop, Binokular Teleskop, Binokular --Untuk melihat objek jauh Untuk melihat objek jauh
- 36. 1.2. Memahami perkembangan teknologi 1.2. Memahami perkembangan teknologi Pertanian tajak bajak jentera jentuai Pengangkutan Perkembangan Perkembangan teknologi teknologi Darat: haiwan basikal Udara : belon udara panas kapal terbang Air (contoh) (contoh) : kanu rakit kereta kapal udara keretapi peluncur roket sampan feri kapal Pembinaan gua pondok rumah kayu apartmen Komunikasi asap burung merpati telegraf telefon
- 37. 1.3 . .Mensintesis cara teknologi digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah 1.3 Mensintesis cara teknologi digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah Senarai cabaran yang Senarai cabaran yang dihadapi dalam kehidupan dihadapi dalam kehidupan harian harian Teknologi digunakan untuk mengatasi cabaran Tidak mampu bergerak jauh Tidak mampu mengangkat dan menggerak beban yang berat Idea untuk mengatasi cabaran yang telah dikenal pasti sumbangsaran Lakaran model Tunjuk cara alatan yang telah dicipta untuk mengatasi cabaran Takal –mengangkat beban dari aras rendah ke aras tinggi dengan senang Alatan untuk mengatasi cabaran . takal .kereta sorong Kereta sorong – memindah beban dengan mudah
- 38. 1.4. Menganalisa teknologi memberi manfaat kepada manusia sejagat jika digunakan 1.4. Menganalisa teknologi memberi manfaat kepada manusia sejagat jika digunakan secara bijaksana. secara bijaksana. TEKNOLOGI Advantages Advantages ••KOMUNIKASI KOMUNIKASI Membolehkan manusia Membolehkan manusia mempelajari dan mengetahui mempelajari dan mengetahui banyak perkara dalam dunia banyak perkara dalam dunia ••PENGANGKUTAN PENGANGKUTAN Membolehkan manusia bergerak Membolehkan manusia bergerak jauh dalam masa yang singkat jauh dalam masa yang singkat ••PERTANIAN PERTANIAN Mesin membantu dan memudahkan Mesin membantu dan memudahkan menanam dan menuai tanaman menanam dan menuai tanaman ••PEMBINAAN PEMBINAAN Memudah dan mempercepatkan Memudah dan mempercepatkan pembinaan jalan, jambatan pembinaan jalan, jambatan dan bangunan dan bangunan Disadvantages Disadvantages Bahan buangan yang bertambah Bahan buangan yang bertambah mengakibatkan pencemaran alam sekitar mengakibatkan pencemaran alam sekitar Penggunaan bahan sumber semulajadi Penggunaan bahan sumber semulajadi yang berleluasa menyebabkan yang berleluasa menyebabkan kemusnahan alam sekitar kemusnahan alam sekitar Penggunaan alatan berteknologi Penggunaan alatan berteknologi yang kurang bijaksana dan tidak terkawal yang kurang bijaksana dan tidak terkawal menimbulkan Masalah Sosial menimbulkan Masalah Sosial Pencemaran alam sekitar dan Pencemaran alam sekitar dan penggunaan bahan kimia yang keterlaluan penggunaan bahan kimia yang keterlaluan mengakibatkan kesan buruk mengakibatkan kesan buruk terhadap kesihatan terhadap kesihatan
- 40. MENYIASAT ALAM KEHIDUPAN 7 1. MIKROORGANISMA 2. KEMANDIRIAN SPESIES
- 41. 1.1 Memahami bahawa mikroorganisma adalah benda hidup 1.1 Memahami bahawa mikroorganisma adalah benda hidup Mikroorganisma Mikroorganisma Bakteria Bakteria Kulat Kulat Protozoa Protozoa Virus Virus Ciri-ciri Bernafas Bergerak Bertumbuh Tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata kasar
- 42. 1.2. Memahami tentang mikroorganisma yang berguna dan berbahaya 1.2. Memahami tentang mikroorganisma yang berguna dan berbahaya Mikroorganisma Mikroorganisma berguna dan berbahaya berguna dan berbahaya Berguna Berguna Membuat roti/Tapai tempe/baja Pencegahan Pencegahan Berbahaya Berbahaya Boleh menyebabkan Penyakit Penyakit sakit perut bisul Demam Keracunan makanan pereputan gigi Makanan basi Pereputan gigi beguk Membasuh tangan Meminum air yang dimasak Menutup mulut dan hidung apabila batuk atau bersin
- 43. 2.1. Memahami haiwan berlainan mempunyai cara-cara tersendiri untuk menjamin kemandirian spesies 2.1. Memahami haiwan berlainan mempunyai cara-cara tersendiri untuk menjamin kemandirian spesies Haiwan melindungi telur atau anak daripada dimakan oleh pemangsa Kemandirian spesies Kemandirian spesies haiwan haiwan Sesetengah haiwan melindungi telurnya atau menjaga anaknya; ada juga haiwan yang tidak berbuat demikian Bagaimana haiwan menjamin Bagaimana haiwan menjamin kemandirian spesiesnya kemandirian spesiesnya Burung – bersarang di tempat yang tinggi Katak – telur banyak dan dilitupi lapisan lendir Lelabah – menyimpan anak dalam kerandut di bawah badannya Ikan – menyimpan anak di dalam mulutnya Harimau - menyerang pemangsa untuk melindungi anaknya Penyu – bertelur banyak dan menimbus telurnya dalam pasir Kangaru – membawa anaknya dalam kantung badannya Gajah - sentiasa berada dalam kawanan
- 44. 2.2. Memahami pelbagai tumbuhan mempunyai cara-cara tersendiri untuk menjamin kemandirian spesies 2.2. Memahami pelbagai tumbuhan mempunyai cara-cara tersendiri untuk menjamin kemandirian spesies Agen pencaran Agen pencaran Ciri-ciri istimewa Ciri-ciri istimewa Contoh • ringan Air • kelapa • lompang udara dalam • teratai buah • kalis air Kemandirian spesies tumbuhan Mekanisme letupan • engkabang • bersaiz kecil • Angsana • bersayap Angin • ringan • Lalang • kering bila masak • meletup bila matang • buah getah • buah balsam • Chestnut • berwarna cerah Haiwan • Rambutan • boleh dimakan • Mangga • berbau • Love grass • mempunyai onak • Mimosa
- 45. 2.3. Realising the importance of survival of their species 2.3. Realising the importance of survival of their species Consequences Consequences of of animals and plants animals and plants become extinct become extinct Importance shortage of food resource animals and plants species may face extinction
- 46. 3.1. Understanding food chain 3.1. Understanding food chain Food Chain Food Chain Animals and the Animals and the food they eat food they eat All living things need food to survive. Producer Producer Green plant can make their own food. Green plant obtain energy from the sun to make food. However animals cannot make their own food Green Plant as a producer Classify animals into Classify animals into herbivore, carnivore herbivore, carnivore and omnivore and omnivore Herbivore : Animals that eat plants only. e.g.: cow, goat, deer Construct food chain Construct food chain The food relationship among living things can be shown by a food chain. Carnivore: Animals that eat other animals. e.g.: tiger, lion Omnivore: Animals that eat plants and other animals To construct food chain It must start with plant as a producer. In a food chain the arrow means ‘eaten by’ Consumer Consumer Animals that eat plant or other animals are called consumers.
- 47. 3.2. Synthesizing food chain to construct food web 3.2. Synthesizing food chain to construct food web Synthesizing food chain to construct food web Food web Food web What will happen What will happen If there is aachange in If there is change in population of aacertain population of certain species in aafood web ? species in food web ? A change in the population of a certain species will effect the population of other species What will happen What will happen to aacertain species to certain species of animals if they of animals if they eat only one type eat only one type Food web of different habitats Food web of different habitats garden of food ? of food ? Paddy field They will face difficulty to survive – if the source of food runs out
- 49. 1.1. Understanding the uses of energy 1.1. Understanding the uses of energy --for living things to carry for living things to carry out life processes. out life processes. Eg.: moving, breathing, Eg.: moving, breathing, growing growing - to move, boil, melt, or bounce non-living things Why energy is needed? The Uses of Energy Water --moving or moving or falling water falling water produce produce energy energy Sun The Sources of Energy --main source of energy main source of energy --produces light and heat produces light and heat Food Batteries --device that device that generated generated electrical energy electrical energy from chemical energy from chemical energy Fuel - wood, coal, petroleum, natural gas Wind -Moving air -Moving air -Used to pump -Used to pump water, drive water, drive small sawmills small sawmills --food contains food contains stored energy stored energy
- 50. 1.2. Understanding that energy can be transformed from one form to another 1.2. Understanding that energy can be transformed from one form to another Light energy Electrical energy Kinetic energy Heat energy Chemical energy Form of energy Sound energy Potential energy Energy can be transformed from one form to another Energy can be transformed a) lighting a candle Chemical energy → heat energy + light energy b) Kicking a ball Chemical energy → kinetic energy Example of appliance that make use of energy transform a) Electric iron Electrical energy → heat energy b) Radio Electrical energy → sound energy c) Television Electrical energy → sound energy + light energy
- 51. 1.3. Understanding renewable and non-renewable energy 1.3. Understanding renewable and non-renewable energy Energy that cannot be replenished Resources – solar, wind, biomass fuel, water Energy that can be replenished when it is used up Non-renewable energy Resources – natural gas, petroleum, coal Renewable energy Renewable and non-renewable energy How to use energy wisely Why use energy wisely Avoid wastage Some energy resources cannot be replenished when used up Reduce pollution To save cost Turn off the television when no one is watching it Switch off the lights before leaving the room
- 52. 2.1. Knowing the sources of electricity 2.1. Knowing the sources of electricity 2.2. Understanding a series circuit and a parallel circuit 2.2. Understanding a series circuit and a parallel circuit Dry cell Dry cell Electricity Sources Dynamo Dynamo Solar cell Solar cell Accumulator Accumulator Types of circuits Types of circuits Parallel circuit Series circuit Symbols and components Name Dry cell Connecting wire Differences The bulb in the parallel circuit is brighter than the bulb in the series circuit Switch Bulb Symbol
- 53. 2.3. Understanding the safety precautions to be taken when handling electrical appliances 2.3. Understanding the safety precautions to be taken when handling electrical appliances PRECAUTIONS PRECAUTIONS Danger of mishandling electrical appliances Fire Burn Electric shock Electrocution Safety precautions to be taken when using appliances Do not touch electrical appliances with wet hand Do not repair electrical appliances on your own
- 54. 3.1. Understanding that light travels in a straight line 3.1. Understanding that light travels in a straight line Light 3.2. Understanding that light can be reflected 3.2. Understanding that light can be reflected Travels in a Travels in a straight line straight line Reflection of light How shadow How shadow is formed is formed When light is When light is completely or completely or partially blocked by partially blocked by an opaque object an opaque object Can be reflected How ? The light that falls on objects ‘bounces off’ the objects and comes to your eyes mirror Uses of reflection Periscope Kaleidoscope Side mirror of a car
- 55. 4.1. Understanding that temperature is an indicator of degree of hotness 4.1. Understanding that temperature is an indicator of degree of hotness 4.2. Understanding the effects of heat on matter 4.2. Understanding the effects of heat on matter Heat Gain heat Warmer Loss heat Loss heat Cooler Cooler The effects of heat on matter The effects of heat on matter Measure temperature using the Measure temperature using the correct technique correct technique Matter expands when heated Matter contracts when cooled
- 57. 1.1. Matter exist in the form of solid, liquid or gas SOLID has mass LIQUID has mass fixed shape fixed volume GAS has mass fixed volume no permanent shape no fixed shape no fixed volume can be compressed
- 58. 1.1 Matter exist in the form of solid, liquid or gas 1.1 Matter exist in the form of solid, liquid or gas solid solid liquid water wood stone gas milk air steam
- 59. 1.2 . .Understanding that matter can change from one state to another 1.2 Understanding that matter can change from one state to another solid --liquid solid liquid liquid --gas liquid gas Changing Changing states states of of water water melting evaporation Affected by windy and hot weather gas --liquid gas liquid condensation liquid --solid liquid solid Freezing
- 60. 1.3 . .Understanding the water cycle 1.3 Understanding the water cycle WATER CYCLE WATER CYCLE condensation evaporation Importance of water Importance of water Formation of clouds Formation of clouds and rain and rain sea Circulation of water in Circulation of water in the environment the environment Changes in the states of matter in the water cycle Gas → liquid (Condensation) Liquid to gas (evaporation) Droplets of water will become bigger and heavier → rain
- 61. 1.4. Appreciating the importance of water resources 1.4. Appreciating the importance of water resources To prevent living aquatic from being destroyed and undergoing extinction Reasons to keep our Reasons to keep our water resources clean. water resources clean. To regulate the formation of clouds and rain To avoid infected diseases To ensure the cleanliness of water supply Appreciating the importance Appreciating the importance of water resources of water resources Ways to keep our water resources clean Keep the rivers clean Cleanliness campaign
- 62. 2.1. Understanding the properties of acid, alkaline and neutral substances 2.1. Understanding the properties of acid, alkaline and neutral substances PROPERTIES taste using litmus paper to identify Changes in colour of litmus papers blue to red red to blue acid alkaline no change Properties of acidic, alkaline and neutral substances ACID ALKALI •Taste bitter •Change red litmus paper blue •Taste sour •change blue litmus paper red NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES neutral bitter alkaline Other tastes – salty / sweet no changes in litmus paper sour acid
- 63. INVESTIGATING THE EARTH AND THE 7 UNIVERSE
- 64. 1.1. Understanding the constellation 1.1. Understanding the constellation Indicates Seasons planting Show directions Importance of Importance of constellation constellation harvesting desert sea What constellation Is ? A group of stars that form aa A group of stars that form certain pattern in the sky certain pattern in the sky Identify constellation Southern Cross Orion South Scorpion Big Dipper Kite or Cross Scorpion Hunter Laddle North North south
- 65. 2.1. understanding the movements of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun 2.1. understanding the movements of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun Earth rotates on it axis Moon rotates on it axis Moon rotates and at the same time moves around the Earth The earth rotates on its axis from west to east The changes in length and position of the shadow throughout the day Earth rotates and at the same time moves around the Sun The Moon and the Earth move round the Sun at the same time
- 66. 2.2. Understanding the occurrence of day and night 2.2. Understanding the occurrence of day and night night-time daytime the Earth the Sun It is night time for the part of the Earth facing away from the Sun It is day time for the part of the Earth facing the Sun The occurrence The occurrence of of day and night day and night Day and night occur due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis west axis east
- 67. 2.3. Understanding the phases of the Moon 2.3. Understanding the phases of the Moon Phases of the Moon 1-New moon, 3- New half moon, 5- Full moon 7- Old half moon
- 69. 1.1. The shapes of objects in a structure 1.1. The shapes of objects in a structure The shapes of objects in a structure The shape of objects The shape of objects Identify shapes in a structure Identify shapes in a structure Cylinder Sphere Cube Sphere Cuboid Cylinder Pyramid Cone
- 70. 1.2. The Strength and Stability of a Structure 1.2. The Strength and Stability of a Structure Shapes of objects that are stable Cube, cone, cylinder The factors that affect stability of objects The strength and stability of a structure Height , base area How base area affects stability Bigger base area more stable Smaller base area less stable How height affects stability How height affects stability Design a model that is strong and stable Suggested design for: Bridge – one with manila card and one with wood Lower object more stable Higher object less stable The factors that affect the strength of a structure Types of materials used Steel ,Iron, Wood
- 73. 1.1. Understanding that some animals live in groups and others live in solitary Animals Animals Some live in groups (Animals that live together) zebra bees ants For safety For Food giraffes Some live in solitary (Animals that live by themselves) snake cat lizard tiger To avoid competition for food To avoid competition for space Cooperation is a form of interaction
- 74. Sunlight Limited sunlight can reach them Water Limited water resources Reason Space Limited space Nutrient Limited nutrient Factors for competition Plants Competition is aaform of Competition is form of Interaction among living things Interaction among living things Animals Factors for competition Food Limited food resources Water Limited water resources Mate Reason Trying to get mate to breed Shelter Defending or looking for shelter Space Defending or looking for space
- 75. 1.3. Understanding the responsibility of human beings in protecting endangered species endangered species Extinct animal •Dodo bird •Dinosaur •Auk bird •Desert rat kangaroo •Mammoth •Quagga •Tasmanian wolf Endangered animal •Tiger •Turtle •Orang Utan •Panda •Rhinoceros •Hornbill •Blue Whale Endangered plant •Raflessia •Pitcher plant •Venus fly trap •Wild orchid
- 76. Responsibility of human beings in protecting endangered species Illegal Hunting Elephant – Tusk Tiger – Skin & Bone Blue Whale – Fat Giant Panda – Fur Rhinoceros - Horn Excessive development Water & air Pollution Many habitats have been destroyed Factors of Extinction Illegal Logging Cutting of trees Forest clearing The destruction of habitat Extreme Weather Long dry season Flood Forest fire ways to prevent extinction Campaign against excessive logging Educate the public about the importance of protecting & conserving animals & plant Avoid consuming or buying products made from endangered species Enforcing the law Replanting Selective logging Setting up forest reserved Setting rehabilitation centre Encourage recycle , reuse & reduce Campaign
- 77. 1.4. Knowing the impact of human activities on environment Erosion Landslide Flash-Floods Water & Air pollution Air & water Pollution Excessive use of fertilisers, pesticides & herbicides Heavy usage of motor vehicles Environmental destruction caused by human activities Impact of human activities on environment Uncontrolled human activities to the Earth Environmental Destruction Environmental Destruction Illegal & Excessive hunting Air pollution Illegal & Excessive Logging Clearing Forest Improper management of development The Lost of habitat The lose of raw material &food supplies Climate changes The rise in temperature on earth Extinction of endangered species The balance in nature is disturbed The loss of the Earth’s natural water basin •Erosion •Landslides •Flash-Floods •Loss of habitats Improper management of waste from factory Improper management of waste from household Extinction of endangered species Air & water pollution Water pollution & flash flood
- 79. 1.1. Understanding that push and pull are forces 1.2. Understanding the effects of a force 1.3. Analysing friction D E F I N I T I O N Pull – an action of bringing an object towards us Stop a moving object Move a stationary object Effects Push – an action of moving an object away Change the shape of an object Change the motion of an object Change direction of moving object FORCE Definition Make object move faster or slower Friction Effects -Force that apposes the movement of an object. -Surfaces warm. -Two surfaces in contact -Wear and tear. -Difficult to move -Slow down and stop Reduce -Lubricant :oil, wax, grease or water -Air cushion -Talcum powder -Roller marbles -Ball bearing Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages 1. Hold thing 2. Walk without slipping 3. Sharpen a knife 4. Slow down moving Disadvantages 1. Wear and tear 2. Produce heat
- 80. 2.1. Understanding speed Speed Definition Calculation A measurement on how fast an object moves Conclusion an object which moves faster travels a longer distance in a given time an object which move faster takes a shorter time travel a given distance Formula Speed = distance / time Unit • km/h, • m/s , • cm/s
- 82. 1.1. Understanding food spoilage Food that has turned bad and Food that has turned bad and is not suitable to be eaten is not suitable to be eaten What is What is spoilt food spoilt food Characteristics of Characteristics of Spoilt Food Spoilt Food Condition for Condition for microbes to grow microbes to grow Food spoilage •Unpleasent smell eg. Fish with bad smell •Unpleasent taste eg. milk turns sour •Changed colour eg.vegetables, rice •Changed texture eg. Yogurt turns curd •Mouldy eg. Yogurt have many black spots Microbes that Microbes that spoilt food spoilt food Bacteria Fungus •Air •Water •Nutrient •Suitable Temperature ( 5°C - 65° C ) •Suitable acidity
- 83. 1. 2. Synthesising the concept of food preservation Example : Example : fish, prawn, fruits Eggs, water Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow without water Example : Biscuits, crackers, Reason : Cold temperature slow down the growth of bacteria and fungi Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow without water Reason : Boiled will killed bacteria and fungi Drying Boiling Cooling Waxing Reason : Slow down the loss of water Example : eggs, vegetables, fruits Vacuum packing Pickling Food preservation Food preservation Reason : Prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi (Process whereby food turning (Process whereby food turning bad is slowed down) bad is slowed down) Example : Fruits Example : Fruits, chili, fish Smoking Salting Pasteurising Bottling/ canning Reason : Dry the food Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow in very salt substances Reason : Destroy microoganism Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow without air Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot active at a very low temperature Example : Fish, meat Example : Fish, eggs Example : Meat, fish, fruits Example : Fish, meat Example : Milk, yogurt Freezing
- 84. 1.3. Realising the importance of preserving food The importance of The importance of preserving food preserving food Food can be kept for a longer time Easier to store Easier to carry To prevent the To prevent the wastage of food wastage of food
- 85. 2.1. Understanding the effects of improper of on the environment Types of waste •Gas •Liquid •Solid Sources of wastes The improper ways disposal •Open burning •Littering •Chanelling- waste factories into river • Releasing smoke and dangerous gasses Waste disposal Waste disposal The harmful effect •From agricultural activities •From vehicles and open burning •Toxic materials •Rubbish The proper disposal ways •Treat waste water •Keep environment and home clean •Reuse and recycle rubbish and waste • Reduce car •Build factories far from home Smoke dissolved form weak acid Kills plants & fish Destroys building & bridges Rubbish thrown in rivers or drain Cause flash-floods & water over flow Kill plants & animals in the river Open burning Cause asthma & eye irritation Air pollution Disease Cause by eating polluted fish and plants
- 86. 2.2. Understanding that some waste can decay Microbes that cause Microbes that cause waste to decay waste to decay Waste that can decay ••Fungi Fungi ••Bacteria Bacteria Waste that do not decay Waste that do not decay ••Paper Paper Waste that decay ••Wood Wood Waste that decay ••Food Food ••Meat Meat Disadvantages of Disadvantages of waste decaying waste decaying ••Give out Give out poisonous gas poisonous gas ••Unpleasant smell Unpleasant smell Advantages of Advantages of waste decaying waste decaying ••Return nutrient to soil Return nutrient to soil ••Prevent rubbish Prevent rubbish from accumulate from accumulate ••Tin can Tin can ••Plastic Plastic ••Synthetic Synthetic ••Glass Glass ••Metal objects Metal objects What will happen if waste do not decay ••Animal extinction Animal extinction ••Habitats destruction Habitats destruction ••Spoilnatural beauty Spoil natural beauty ••ChangeClimate Change Climate
- 87. INVESTIGATING THE EARTH & THE UNIVERSE
- 88. 1.1. Understanding the eclipse of the moon Eclipse of the moon The Earth is The Earth is between the Sun between the Sun and the Moon and the Moon The Earth, the Moon The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are and the Sun are positioned in a positioned in a straight line straight line Earth Sun Moon The Earth’s position The Earth’s position blocks sunlight from blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon reaching the Moon The Earth’s shadow is The Earth’s shadow is formed on the Moon formed on the Moon surface and cause an surface and cause an eclipse of the Moon eclipse of the Moon
- 89. 1.2. Understanding the eclipse of the sun ECLIPSE OF THE SUN ECLIPSE OF THE SUN The Moon is The Moon is between the Sun between the Sun and the Earth and the Earth The Earth, the Moon and The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are positioned in a the Sun are positioned in a straight line straight line The Moon’s blocks the The Moon’s blocks the sunlight from reaching sunlight from reaching the Earth the Earth Earth SUN Moon The Moon’s shadow is formed on the Earth’s surface PHASES OF THE SUN DURING THE ECLIPSE The place that experienced full eclipse is completely dark during the day time
- 91. 1.1. Understanding simple machines A device that allows us to use A device that allows us to use less force to make work easier or faster less force to make work easier or faster Simple machine -To carry or move heavy objects -To carry or move heavy objects LEVER LEVER INCLINED PLANE WHEEL AND AXLE PULLEY WEDGE SCREW GEAR - -e.g. hammer , ,spoon , ,scissor e.g. hammer spoon scissor -To lift heavy objects easier eg. stairs , slanting wooden plank -To carry to move heavy objects easily eg screw driver , car spanner -To carry or lift objects to a higher place eg. flag pole , crane -To cut or separate objects eg. knife , saw , axe -To fix two objects together eg. drill bit , spanner -To move objects easily eg. Gear in a watch
- 92. 1.2. Analysing a complex machine Complex Complex machine machine Hand drill Wedge, wheel and axle Wheelbarrow Lever, wheel and axle Bicycle Gear, lever, wheel and axle Crane Gear, pulley, lever Scissors Lever, wedge Egg beater Gear, wheel and axle
- 93. 1.3. Appreciating the invention of machines that make life easier Machines Machines Help us travel from one place to Help us travel from one place to another another Difficulty in moving heavy things Difficulty in moving heavy things Work in the fields is made easier and Work in the fields is made easier and productivity of agricultural product is productivity of agricultural product is raised raised Will not be able to travel from one Will not be able to travel from one place to another place which is far place to another place which is far Construction work is made easier and Construction work is made easier and can be completed faster can be completed faster Help to move heavy things Help to move heavy things