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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HISTORY
CLASS – 4 – PANTHEON OF
GODS AND PYRAMID TRADITION
Joe Boisvert
Instructor Gulf Coast Community College –
Encore – Spring 2010
Early Egyptian Burials from
Ceremonial to Mastubai’s to
Pyramids
Fourteen Principal Gods of
Egypt
Egyptian Gods Partial List
 Atum In the
creation myths,
Atum is the
primal creator
 Ra is the eagle god of the sun.
 Anubis god of the dead
 Bastet is the Cat goddess.
 Sehkmet goddess of fire, war
and plague
 Nut is the goddess of sky and
stars, mother of gods.
 Geb is the green god of Earth.
 Horus is the god with falcon's
head, god of pharaohs.
 Osiris is the god of the afterlife.
 Isis is the goddess of magic and
healing, wife of Osiris.
Egyptian Gods Continued
 Seth is the god of deserts and evil.
 Thoth is the scribe god.
 Ma'at is the goddess of truth.
 Amun is the god ofThebes, king of gods in New
Kingdom.
 Wadjet is the goddess of pregnancy and
motherhood, goddess in snake form.
 Anuket is the goddess of river Nile.
 Hathor is the goddess of the moon and children.
 Ptah is the creator god
 Bes is the dwarf god of safe journey
 The Egyptians worshipped Scarab Beetles and
cats.
 Ptah (Pteh, Peteh) was
the predynasticMennefer
(Hikuptah, Memphis) god
of craftsmen, pottery and
creation.The Egyptians
believed that he was a god
who created everything
from artifacts to the world
egg to the other deities
themselves.The Opening
of the Mouth ceremony
was believed to have been
devised by him. He was a
god of creation and rebirth.
Isis  Symbols: throne, kite,
scorpion,
Myths: "Isis and Osiris",
"Isis and the Seven
Scorpions"
Cult Center: Heliopolis,
 Isis was the sister
of Osiris (who was also
her husband), the
daughter
of Nut and Geb and the
mother of Horus the
Child.
Osiris
(Asar,Wesir, Ausar, Unnefer)
Symbols: crook and flail, djed, White
and Atef Crowns, bull, mummified form,
throne, Bennu (phoenix)
Cult Center: Abydos, Busiris
and Heliopolis
Myths: "Isis and Osiris"
A god of the earth and vegetation,
Osiris symbolized in his death the yearly
drought and in his miraculous rebirth
the periodic flooding of the Nile and the
growth of grain. He was a god-king who
was believed to have given Egypt
civilization.
Osiris
Seth
(Set, Suetekh)
Symbols: Seth-animal, pigs, donkeys, fishes
Cult Center: Tanis, Ombos
Links: the Ennead of Heliopolis
Regarded as the Lord of Lower
(Northern) Egypt,
Seth was represented by a big-eared
imaginary animal with
red hair resembling a donkey or
maybe an aardvark.
He was associated with the desert and
storms. The Greeks
associated Seth with their god,
Typhon.
Horus
(Hor, Heru, Her)
Symbols: hawk/falcon, bull,
Double Crown,Winged Disk,Udjat,
Sphinx, weapons, iron, blacksmiths
Cult Center: Edfu, Buto
and Heliopolis
Myths: Isis and Osiris
The falcon-headed god, the kings
of Egypt associated themselves
with Horus. Horus was among the
most important gods of Egypt,
particularly because the Pharaoh
was supposed to be his earthly
embodiment. Kings would
eventually take the name of Horus
as one of their own.
Reason for
Burials ???
Love, Loss,
Respect,
Honor,
Afterlife,
Religion, Gods
Ancient Egyptian History Class 4 Early Pyramids and Gods of Egypt
Mastabas First Burial Tombs
At first, the kings of Egypt were buried in what are known as
mastabas in southern Egypt, mainly at a place called Abydos.
Mastaba is an Arabic word meaning bench, because these
tombs looked like a bench.
They consisted of a pit where the dead were buried in the
ground covered by stones above ground.
Later mastabas sometimes had many rooms below ground
and many above ground for the storage of items that the dead
person wished to take with him or her into the afterlife.
Mastabas First Burial Tombs
(Bench Like Shape)
• Tomb was discovered at the Middle Nile
River in Upper Egypt.
•.The site was built about 3150 BC.
•Three rooms of the tomb contained about
700 jars and inside the jars was discovered a
residue of an early form of herbal wine.
•The recipes identified within the pots
illuminate a long history of the Egyptian use
of grape wines.
The tomb, has been attributed to one
of the earliest of Egyptian kings,
Scorpion I, from Dynasty 0
Tomb, has been attributed to
one of the earliest of Egyptian
kings, Scorpion I, from First
Dynasty
Beasts of burden found nestled in
graves dating back 5,000 years. One of
the earliest Egyptian kings carried
his "beasts of burden" into the
afterlife.
Egyptians Brought Pets into the
Afterlife
Ancient Egyptian History Class 4 Early Pyramids and Gods of Egypt
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids
/pepi.html
Link to National Geographic Section on Pyramids
Step Pyramid of Saqqara, Egypt's
Oldest Pyramid built 4,800 years
ago
King Djoser, who reigned from
2630 bc to 2611 bc Built the
Step Pyramid
1. Built a more elaborate royal
tomb known as the Step
Pyramid.
2. This tomb started out as a
mastaba, but its architect,
Imhotep, first expanded the
mastaba then topped it with
successively smaller mastabas.
Djoser’s Tomb – Step Pyramid
 The Step Pyramid and later pyramids
of the 3rd Dynasty were constructed
of small, almost brick-sized stones
that were laid in vertical courses and
inward-leaning to create the sloped
sides.
 In the end, Djoser’s tomb looked like a
rectangular wedding cake with six
layers.
The ancient Egyptians loved pyramids.There are
sixty-seven, of various sizes, scattered around the city
of Cairo alone.
The most famous, and largest, are at Gizeh, where
what is believed to be the three tombs of Khufu,
Khafre, and Menkure, are lined up side by side.
Ancient Step
Pyramid
Djoser Step Pyramid in Saqqara
2630 bc to 2611 bc
King Snefru Pyramid in
Meydum
King Snefru Pyramid in Meydum
 King Sneferu, the father of Khufu,
built the initial true pyramids,
developing the new technique
during construction.The earliest
true pyramid, at the town of
Maydom, began as a step pyramid
with inward-leaning walls and
eight levels.
The Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
 Would have surpassed the height of the Great
Pyramid had it been completed as designed, but
the foundations could not support the weight
and the plans had to be changed.
Egyptian pyramids were modeled on a sacred,
pointed stone called the benben. The benben
symbolized the rays of the sun; ancient
texts claimed that pharaohs reached the
heavens via sunbeams. (National Geographic.
Giza Pyramid
The Giza Pyramids Now
Old Hand Colored Photo of
Giza Pyramids
Ancient Egyptian History Class 4 Early Pyramids and Gods of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian History Class 4 Early Pyramids and Gods of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian History Class 4 Early Pyramids and Gods of Egypt

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Ancient Egyptian History Class 4 Early Pyramids and Gods of Egypt

  • 1. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HISTORY CLASS – 4 – PANTHEON OF GODS AND PYRAMID TRADITION Joe Boisvert Instructor Gulf Coast Community College – Encore – Spring 2010
  • 2. Early Egyptian Burials from Ceremonial to Mastubai’s to Pyramids
  • 4. Egyptian Gods Partial List  Atum In the creation myths, Atum is the primal creator  Ra is the eagle god of the sun.  Anubis god of the dead  Bastet is the Cat goddess.  Sehkmet goddess of fire, war and plague  Nut is the goddess of sky and stars, mother of gods.  Geb is the green god of Earth.  Horus is the god with falcon's head, god of pharaohs.  Osiris is the god of the afterlife.  Isis is the goddess of magic and healing, wife of Osiris.
  • 5. Egyptian Gods Continued  Seth is the god of deserts and evil.  Thoth is the scribe god.  Ma'at is the goddess of truth.  Amun is the god ofThebes, king of gods in New Kingdom.  Wadjet is the goddess of pregnancy and motherhood, goddess in snake form.  Anuket is the goddess of river Nile.  Hathor is the goddess of the moon and children.  Ptah is the creator god  Bes is the dwarf god of safe journey  The Egyptians worshipped Scarab Beetles and cats.  Ptah (Pteh, Peteh) was the predynasticMennefer (Hikuptah, Memphis) god of craftsmen, pottery and creation.The Egyptians believed that he was a god who created everything from artifacts to the world egg to the other deities themselves.The Opening of the Mouth ceremony was believed to have been devised by him. He was a god of creation and rebirth.
  • 6. Isis  Symbols: throne, kite, scorpion, Myths: "Isis and Osiris", "Isis and the Seven Scorpions" Cult Center: Heliopolis,  Isis was the sister of Osiris (who was also her husband), the daughter of Nut and Geb and the mother of Horus the Child.
  • 7. Osiris (Asar,Wesir, Ausar, Unnefer) Symbols: crook and flail, djed, White and Atef Crowns, bull, mummified form, throne, Bennu (phoenix) Cult Center: Abydos, Busiris and Heliopolis Myths: "Isis and Osiris" A god of the earth and vegetation, Osiris symbolized in his death the yearly drought and in his miraculous rebirth the periodic flooding of the Nile and the growth of grain. He was a god-king who was believed to have given Egypt civilization. Osiris
  • 8. Seth (Set, Suetekh) Symbols: Seth-animal, pigs, donkeys, fishes Cult Center: Tanis, Ombos Links: the Ennead of Heliopolis Regarded as the Lord of Lower (Northern) Egypt, Seth was represented by a big-eared imaginary animal with red hair resembling a donkey or maybe an aardvark. He was associated with the desert and storms. The Greeks associated Seth with their god, Typhon.
  • 9. Horus (Hor, Heru, Her) Symbols: hawk/falcon, bull, Double Crown,Winged Disk,Udjat, Sphinx, weapons, iron, blacksmiths Cult Center: Edfu, Buto and Heliopolis Myths: Isis and Osiris The falcon-headed god, the kings of Egypt associated themselves with Horus. Horus was among the most important gods of Egypt, particularly because the Pharaoh was supposed to be his earthly embodiment. Kings would eventually take the name of Horus as one of their own.
  • 10. Reason for Burials ??? Love, Loss, Respect, Honor, Afterlife, Religion, Gods
  • 12. Mastabas First Burial Tombs At first, the kings of Egypt were buried in what are known as mastabas in southern Egypt, mainly at a place called Abydos. Mastaba is an Arabic word meaning bench, because these tombs looked like a bench. They consisted of a pit where the dead were buried in the ground covered by stones above ground. Later mastabas sometimes had many rooms below ground and many above ground for the storage of items that the dead person wished to take with him or her into the afterlife.
  • 13. Mastabas First Burial Tombs (Bench Like Shape)
  • 14. • Tomb was discovered at the Middle Nile River in Upper Egypt. •.The site was built about 3150 BC. •Three rooms of the tomb contained about 700 jars and inside the jars was discovered a residue of an early form of herbal wine. •The recipes identified within the pots illuminate a long history of the Egyptian use of grape wines. The tomb, has been attributed to one of the earliest of Egyptian kings, Scorpion I, from Dynasty 0
  • 15. Tomb, has been attributed to one of the earliest of Egyptian kings, Scorpion I, from First Dynasty
  • 16. Beasts of burden found nestled in graves dating back 5,000 years. One of the earliest Egyptian kings carried his "beasts of burden" into the afterlife.
  • 17. Egyptians Brought Pets into the Afterlife
  • 20. Step Pyramid of Saqqara, Egypt's Oldest Pyramid built 4,800 years ago
  • 21. King Djoser, who reigned from 2630 bc to 2611 bc Built the Step Pyramid 1. Built a more elaborate royal tomb known as the Step Pyramid. 2. This tomb started out as a mastaba, but its architect, Imhotep, first expanded the mastaba then topped it with successively smaller mastabas.
  • 22. Djoser’s Tomb – Step Pyramid  The Step Pyramid and later pyramids of the 3rd Dynasty were constructed of small, almost brick-sized stones that were laid in vertical courses and inward-leaning to create the sloped sides.  In the end, Djoser’s tomb looked like a rectangular wedding cake with six layers.
  • 23. The ancient Egyptians loved pyramids.There are sixty-seven, of various sizes, scattered around the city of Cairo alone. The most famous, and largest, are at Gizeh, where what is believed to be the three tombs of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkure, are lined up side by side. Ancient Step Pyramid
  • 24. Djoser Step Pyramid in Saqqara 2630 bc to 2611 bc
  • 25. King Snefru Pyramid in Meydum
  • 26. King Snefru Pyramid in Meydum  King Sneferu, the father of Khufu, built the initial true pyramids, developing the new technique during construction.The earliest true pyramid, at the town of Maydom, began as a step pyramid with inward-leaning walls and eight levels.
  • 27. The Bent Pyramid at Dahshur  Would have surpassed the height of the Great Pyramid had it been completed as designed, but the foundations could not support the weight and the plans had to be changed.
  • 28. Egyptian pyramids were modeled on a sacred, pointed stone called the benben. The benben symbolized the rays of the sun; ancient texts claimed that pharaohs reached the heavens via sunbeams. (National Geographic.
  • 31. Old Hand Colored Photo of Giza Pyramids