4. Contd…. According to psychologist Kurt Levin individuals are influenced by a number of diversified factors both genetic and environmental He called this as Field Theory B: Behavior F: Behavior function P: Person E: Environment around the person B= F(P,E)
5. Contd…. e.g. A person who loses a well paying job may behave differently when he is unemployed The environment may change the behavior of a person e.g. Certain training and rehabilitation programs have changed the human behavior
11. Contd…. Perception Result of various senses : feeling, seeing, hearing, etc. e.g. If a manager perceives a subordinate’s ability as limited, he’ll give him limited responsibility, even if the subordinate is an able person
17. Behavior as an Input- Output System The basic input- output system: S: Stimuli generated by external environment as input O: Human organism which is activated by physiological as well as physiological processes O: Behavior as output S<->O->B
18. Learning can Change Individual Behavior Role of parenting Education Job training Manipulation of rewards
21. Contd…. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio
22. Individual Behavior and Performance Performance is a reflection of: Individual’s capacity to perform Individual’s capacity to perform Organizational support
23. of inadequate organizational support Lack of time Inadequate budgets Inadequate tools, equipment, suppliers Unclear instructions and job related information Lack of required services and help from others Inflexibility of procedures
26. Harvard Business Review Organizational Development: Part 4 Matching the individual and the organization By: Robert A. Luke Jr.
27. Contd…. Among the many new diverse challenges one that is constant is how to design and develop the organization so that the structure that fits the nature of the work as well as the nature of the people doing the work During the past 200 years intellectuals have studied the appropriate relationship between the individual and the organization Observer’s Theory In the late 18th and through mid 19th century: Intellectuals were agreed on the necessity for a planned approach to structuring relationships between individuals and organizations
