1º ESO Social sciences class presentation, based on Santillana book class.

1. Climate
UNIT 4

3. 1- The atmosphere
THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

5. What is the difference between weather and
climate?
The difference between
weather and climate is a
measure of time. Weather
is what conditions of the
atmosphere are over a
short period of time, and
climate is how the
atmosphere "behaves" over
relatively long periods of
time.

7. Activities
Exercises 2 and 3 on page 55.

8. 2- Temperature

9. What factors affect temperature?
1- Latitude:

10. The angle of the Sun’s rays

11. 2- Altitude:

12. 3- Distance from the sea:
The sea makes coastal climates more temperate. Inland climates are
more extreme.

13. How are temperature and climate related?
With the average temperatures we can divide the Earth into different
climates zones:
.Hot climate zone
.Temperate climates zones
.Cold climates zones

14. Activities
Exercises 1, 2 on page 56, and 5 on page 57.

15. 3- Precipitation
PRECIPITATION -> rain,
snow, hail, etc, formed by
condensation of water vapour
in the atmosphere.
HUMIDITY -> a measure of
the amount of moisture in the
air.

17. Factors affecting precipitation
1- Latitude - it rains more near
the equator.
2- Altitude - it rains more in
high areas.
3- Level of humidity - it rains
more in the coast.

19. What types of rainfall are there?

22. Vocabulario en español

23. Activities
Exercises 2 and 3 on page 59.

24. 4- Atmospheric pressure and wind
Atmospheric
pressure is the
force per unit area
exerted on a surface
by the weight of air
above that surface in
the atmosphere of
Earth.

25. What is Atmospheric Pressure?

26. The history of the barometer (and how it works)

27. Altitude affects the
atmospheric pressure.
It is lower in the top of
the mountains.

28. Air pressure can change
with the temperature.

29. Pressure affects atmospheric conditions:

31. Activities
Exercise 1, 2 and 3 on page 60.

32. WIND

33. Weather vane

34. What types of winds are there?
Prevailing winds -> always blow in the same direction.

36. Periodic or seasonal winds -> change direction seasonally.

38. Synoptic winds -> change daily, for example sea breezes.

39. Local winds -> influenced by the geography at a specific area.

40. Weather maps

42. How to Read a Weather Map

43. Activities
Exercise 6 on page 61.
Exercises 8 on page 67.

44. 5- The Earth’s climates

45. Hot climates
- It is the area between the Tropics.
- Temperatures are generally high and there is little difference in
temperatures in different seasons.
- Sunlight reaches the Earth at a perpendicular angle all year
round.
-MAIN CLIMATES:
.Equatorial
.Tropical
.Hot desert

46. Temperate climates
- It is the area between the Tropics and the polar circles.
- Temperatures change because sunlight reaches the Earth at
different angles throughout the year.
- MAIN CLIMATES:
.Mediterranean
.Humid sub-tropical
.Oceanic
.Continental

47. Cold Climates
- It is the area between the polar circles and the poles.
- Sunlight strikes the Earth at an oblique angle.
- Temperatures are always very cold.
- MAIN CLIMATES:
.Polar
.Mountain

48. Exercise 1 on page 63
and 2 on page 66.

49. 6- Climate and human activity
AIR POLLUTION
It is the contamination of the
atmosphere by pollutants, like
harmful gases, smoke and dust.
It is caused by many human
activities.

52. AIR POLLUTION causes health problems in human beings.

53. AIR POLLUTION causes harm also to the environment.

57. Acid rain

68. Activities
Exercises 1, 2 and 4 on page 65.
Exercises 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9 on pages 66-67.

69. The 3 R’s

70. Reduce, reuse, recycle song

71. Climate graphs
Climate graphs are a
combination of a bar
graph and a line
graph.
Temperature is shown
on a line graph (in
red), with the figures
being shown on the
left side of the graph.
Rainfall is shown by a
bar graph (blue
bars), with the figures
being shown on the
right side of the graph.
REALLY IMPORTANT!!!

72. Interpreting climate graphs
In the exam you may be asked to look at the information in a CLIMATE GRAPH and
describe the area's climate.
1. Look for patterns in the temperature data:
Is the temperature the same all year round? If it is different, how many seasons
does the location experience?
Which season is the warmest?
Is it warm (10 - 20°C), hot (20 - 30°C) or very hot (above 30°C)?
Which season is the coolest?
Is it mild (0 -10°C), cold (-10 - 0°C) or very cold (below -10°C)?
What is the range of temperature? (Subtract the minimum temperature from the
maximum temperature).
You can get more
info in page 68 in
your book!

73. 1. Look for patterns in the rainfall data:
Does the rainfall occur all year round?
What is the pattern of the rainfall? Check which season(s) is/are drier or wetter than
others.
Dry months are when the bar is below the line for temperature.
What is the total annual precipitation? Add each month's total together to get the
annual total.
If it is less than 300 mm it is very dry, if it is over 1000 mm it is a humid one.
Then put the rainfall and temperature information together - what does it tell you
about this area?
Interpreting climate graphs
You can get more info
in page 68 in your
book!

74. 3. Describe the patterns in temperature and rainfall, including how they relate to each other.
- Now, look at the climate graph below. What can you deduce about the climate?

75. Activity
Create your own climate graph with the information on page 69.
Once you have created it, analyse the information answering the questions.