Summary of Unit 4 for my pupils.

1. UNIT 4
The French Revolution and the Napoleonic
Empire

2. 1- The beginning of the Modern
Age
-From the Ancien Régime to the new
regime - > late 18th century -> beginning
of the Modern Age.
-Political revolution in France ->
reforms -> new regime.
-"Liberty, equality and fraternity"

3. 2- The causes of the French
Revolution
-Intellectual causes -> Enlightenment
-Political Causes -> Estates General crisis
-Economic causes -> bankrupt
-Social causes -> 3 estates were
discontented for different reasons.

4. 3- Major events of the French
Revolution
-The National Assembly. 1789
-The Constituent Assembly. 1789-1791 ->
Constitution -> constitutional monarchy,
popular sovereignty, separation of powers
and limited male suffrage.
-The Legislative Assembly -> Girondins and
Jacobins.

5. -The Convention -> 1793, Louis XVI was
executed -> Roberspierre Republic
(dictatorship, The Terror, 1793-1795)
-The Directory -> 1795, five members
govern
-The Consulate -> 1799
military coup, three consuls,
Napoleon First Consul.

6. 4- From revolution to empire
-1802 Napoleon First Consul for Life
-December 1804 Emperor
-Policy achievements: Civil Code, military
victories to expand his territories.
-The exception of Great Britain ->

7. - From 1812 decay of the Empire.
-1813 Battle of Leipzig.
- 1814 Wars in Spain and Russia.
-1815 Napoleon's Hundred days.
-June 1815 Battle of Waterloo -> final
defeat of Napoleon.

8. 5- The Consequences of the French
Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire
-Changes in three aspects:
Political
Economic
Social

9. 6- Spain: occupation and
liberation
-1788 Charles IV king of Spain.

10. 6.1. Napoleon's occupation of
Spain
-Weak King -> prime ministers governed
-Floridablanca, Aranda, Godoy
-The importance of Godoy policies
-1793 coalition against France

11. -1805 Battle of Trafalgar
-1807 Treaty of Fontainebleau -> french
troops entered Spain
-1808 Aranjuez riots -> Godoy was removed
and Charles IV abdicated in his son
-Bayonne -> Charles IV and Ferdinand VII

12. 6.2. The Spanish War of
Independence
-2 May 1808 the war began in Madrid

13. The War
-July 1808 Battle of Bailén.
-Only Cádiz resisted.
-1813 French troops were defeated.
Guerrilla attacks were the key.
-During the war Joseph I was reigning

14. The Political revolution
-Two governments coexisted during the war
in Spain:
-Joseph I, French government -> Bayonne
Statute
-Central Council (Ferdinand VII) -> elected
representatives.

15. The importance of Cádiz
-1810 Regency Council, a five-person
Regency -> Cortes of Cádiz, a permanent
government
-19 March 1812 - CONSTITUTION (la Pepa)
-> ideas from Enlightenment -> end of the
Ancien Régime.
-1814 Ferdinand VII abolished the
Constitution.

16. Spanish Constitution of 1812
-Constitutional monarchy
-Popular sovereignty (universal indirect male
suffrage)
-Catholicism as the state religion
-Separation of powers
-Some rights and freedoms are
now guaranteed.

17. Life during the Revolution and
the Empire
-Family -> Civil Code, changes
-Women -> advances
-Daily life -> calendar change
-Technological advances

18. The Empire Style and Goya
-Art during the French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Empire, late 18th century and
early 19th century.
-Enlightenment ideas.
-Neoclassicism.

19. Neoclassicism: the Empire Style
-1800-1820.
-Napoleon's tastes.
-Imperialist propaganda.
-Copy Neoclassicism style.

20. Characteristics
-Simple forms. A variant of Neoclassicism.
-Imitation of classical forms.
-Propaganda through his themes.

21. Architecture
-Based on the Roman Empire.
-Style of the people -> not ostentatious, but
sober and evenly balanced.
-Timber frames and box-like constructions.
-Creators: Charles Percier and Pierre
Fontaine.

22. Examples in France
-Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, Paris (1806-8)
-> to commemorate Napoleon's military
victories of the previous year.

23. -Arc de triomphe de l'Etoile, Paris -> honours
those who fought and died for France in the
French Revolution. It was designed by
Chalgrin in 1806.

24. -Vendôme Column, Paris -> it was modelled
after Trajan's column to commemorate the
victoy of Austerlitz.
-Designed by Bergeret.

25. -La Madeleine, Paris -> it was designed as a
temple to the glory of Napoleon's Army.
-By Vignon.

26. Sculpture
-Empire Style used sculpture as a part of
their overall style, it was part of the
interior decoration.
-It imitated the classical art (like
neoclassicism).
-The main figure was Canova.

27. -Paulina Bonaparte, by Canova.

28. -Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker, by
Canova, 1802-1806.

29. Painting
-Historical and mythological themes.
-Portraits.
-Neoclassicism style.
-Main examples: David, Ingres or Gérard.

30. -Bonaparte Crossing the Grand Saint-Bernard
Pass, 20 May 1800-1802, by David.

31. -The coronation of Napoleon in Notre Dame,
by David, 1806.

32. - Napoleon on his imperial throne, by Ingres,
1806.

33. -Bonaparte First Consul, by Gérard, 1803.

34. Cupid and Psyque, by Gérard

35. SPAIN: Francisco de Goya y Lucientes
(Zaragoza 1746- Bordeaux 1828)
-Early years -> At age 14 Goya studied with
painter Luzán. Then he moved to Madrid,
where he studied with painter Mengs.
-First important works->
he painted cupolas
at Basilica del Pilar
(Zaragoza) and
other religious
theme works.

36. Court Period (1774-1808)
-Cartoons for tapestries.

37. The family of Carlos IV

38. Portraits of the Royal Family and nobility
Carlos III
Carlos III
Los duques de Osuna y sus hijos

39. La familia del Infante Don Luis

40. The
Clothed
Maja and
the Nude
Maja

41. Religious paintings
Frescoes in San Antonio de la Florida

42. Prints for etchings: The Caprices
"the innumerable foibles and follies to be found in any civilized society, and from the
common prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, ignorance, or self-interest
have made usual"

43. "The sleep of reason produces monsters".

44. The Spanish War of Independence
Period (1808-1820)
-He was working at the court, so he never
did any public declaration about his
position or his ideas respect the war.
-He was affected by the war and its
consequences.
-He made several works about this theme.

45. Historical themes, 1814

47. The Disparates, 1815-1823

48. The
tauromaquia

49. The disasters
of war (1810-
1820)

50. Retirement and exile (1820-1828)
-After becoming deaf because of an illness,
he retired from social life.
-He made reflections on old age and death.
-His style change again into dark colours,
night scenes, etc.
-He used loose brush-strokes and less-
defined figures now.
-In 1824 he went on exile to Bordeaux,
France.

51. Black paintings, 1819-1823

53. Burgundy paintings, 1824-1828

54. Activities
•22, 24, 25, 26 page 91
•4, 5, 6 page 92
•10, 11, 14 page 93
•Page 94 (in your notebooks)