1. Journal Club
Prepared By:
Erina Shrestha
Pushpa Koirala

2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE,
LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR AND JOB
SATISFACTION
Yafang Tsai1,2
1Department of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan
Medical University; Taiwan
2Department of Medical Management, Chung Shan Medical
University Hospital; Taiwan.

3. INTRODUCTION

Organizational culture refers to
 the beliefs and values that have existed
in an organization for a long time.
 and the beliefs of the staff and the
foreseen value of their work that will
influence their attitudes and behavior.

4. Cont…

Administrators
usually
adjust
their
leadership behavior to accomplish the
mission of the organization, and this could
influence the employees’ job satisfaction.

It is therefore essential to understand the
relationship
between
organizational
culture, leadership behavior and job
satisfaction of employees.

5. Objectives of the Study
To assess the relationship between
organizational culture and leadership
behaviour.


6. HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis1: Organizational culture is
positively correlated with leadership behavior.

Hypothesis 2 : Leadership behavior is
positively correlated with job satisfaction.

Hypothesis 3 : Organizational culture is
positively correlated with job satisfaction.

7. Methodology

Research Design:
Cross-sectional study design
Study Area
Two hospitals in Central Taiwan.

Study Population
Nurses employed in the hospitals


8. Cont…
 Sampling
technique
Not given
Sample size:
300 out of which only
questionnaire were returned.
200
valid

9. Data Collection
 Tool
Self developed structured questionnaire
containing questions regarding
 Organizational
culture with 22 items
divided into 4 dimensions named as

◦
◦
◦
◦
employee orientation,
customer focus
emphasizing responsibility
emphasizing cooperation

10. Cont…

Leadership behaviour with 26 items
divided into 4 dimensions named as
◦ leader’s encouragement and supportiveness to
subordinates,
◦ leader giving subordinates a clear vision and
trust,
◦ leader’s behavior is consistent with
organization’s vision, and
◦ leader is persuasive in convincing subordinates
to acknowledge the vision.

11. Cont…

Job satisfaction with 12 items divided into
4 dimensions named as
◦ working partners
◦ rewards and welfare
◦ superior
◦ job recognition.

12. Cont…

5 point Likert-type scales was used for
measurement (1 = strongly disagree and 5
= strongly agree

13. Validity and Reliability
◦ 3 directors/ supervisors from the medical
centre reviewed the questionnaire for the
validity.
◦ The reliability analysis of the questionnaire
was done.
◦ The
value
of
Cronbach’s
œ
for
organisational culture was 0.958 (22 items),
for leadership behaviour scale was 0.966
(26 items) and for job satisfaction was
0.855(12 items).

14. Statistical Analysis

SPSS 17 version used

Descriptive statistics

Bivariate analysis
◦ Corelation analysis was used to test for the
relationships among subscales of variables.

Multivariate analysis
◦ Series of regression analysis were used to
identify the proposed hypotheses.

15. RESULT

17. Cont…

The average score for organizational
culture was between 3.73 and 3.19.

The highest score was 3.73: “satisfying the
need of customers at the largest scale.”

The lowest score was 3.19: “concern for the
individual development of employees”

18. Cont…

The average score for leadership behavior
was between 3.77 and 3.42, where 2 items
scored the highest score at 3.77:
“the leader will act accordingly with a
certain vision that specifies a better future
state”, and
“the leader will behaviorally role model the
values implied by the vision by personal
example.”

The lowest score was 3.42: “the leader will
try to persuade those who disagree with his
vision to agree with it.”

19. Cont…

The average score for job satisfaction
was between 3.84 and 2.56,
◦ The highest score was 3.84: “to certain
people my work is extremely important.”
◦ The lowest score was 2.56: “I am satisfied
with my salary as I have less workload
compared to other employees in other
divisions”.

22. Discussion

A study conducted by Casida & Pinto-Zipp
showed correlation between leadership and
organizational culture, consistent with the
findings of the research.

The study showed that factors of the
organisational culture have an effect on job
satisfaction which is consistent with the
findings of Giffard et al.

23. Cont…

Jacobs and Roodt showed a positive
correlation between organisational culture
and employee job satisfaction that is
consistent with the findings of the research.

24. Limitations

Due to wide range of variables only a
limited number of clinical nurses were
interested in participating.

Furthermore, only 2 hospitals were involved
in this research.

25. Further research

The longitudinal research methods can be
adopted in future investigations into how
changes in organizational context impact on
leadership behavior.

It is proposed that future research can
explore the type of leadership behavior that
will shape a particular culture within an
organization.

26. Conclusion

Culture within an organization is very
important, playing a large role in whether or not
the organization is a happy and healthy place to
work.

Good interaction between the leader and
subordinates contribute to team communication
and collaboration.

Encouragement of subordinates to accomplish
the mission and objectives assigned by the
organization, which in turn enhances job
satisfaction.

27. Research Critique

28. Title

Title: Brief but not in title case.

Population: Not well defined

Outcome variable: Not Clear

Setting: Not defined

Total words : 9 words

29. Abstract






Structured
Beginning of the article
Components included are:
◦ Background
◦ Method
◦ Results
◦ Conclusions
Purpose not included
Key words not included
Words: 247

30. Cont…

Introduction:
◦ According to the title of the study
◦ Related relevant literature included

Purpose of the study: Not clearly stated

Hypothesis: Clearly mentioned

Variables: Dependent and independent variables not
clearly stated.

Conceptual framework : Not given

31. Methodology

Research Design: Cross-sectional study design

Population
◦ Clearly defined

Sampling technique
◦ Not clearly defined

Sample Size determination:
◦ Technique of calculation not mentioned

32. Cont…


Sample
◦ Inclusion from only two hospitals of
Taiwan
Central
Data collection tool :
◦ self developed structured questionnaire
◦ Validity and reliability of the tool done

Data processing and analysis
◦ Clearly mentioned and appropriate computer software
used

Pilot study : done but
population not mentioned
percentage
of

33. Ethical consideration

Voluntary participation

Informed consent
respondents

No explanation regarding the approval from
the Ethical Review Board

No explanation regarding permission from
hospital authority

Confidentiality not clearly mentioned
was
obtained
from

34. Cont..

Statistical Analysis
◦ Relevant statistical tests are used for
analysis
◦ Level of significance : p value < 0.05 and
<0.01

35. Cont..

All the important results are discussed.

Result findings discussed according to the
objectives.

Tables
are
explanatory
understandable
and
self

36. Cont…

Discussions
◦ Research findings compared with other related
studies.
◦ Possible explanations for most of the findings
stated.

Limitations: Mentioned

Recommendation : Not mentioned

Further research: Mentioned

37. Cont…

Conclusion: Stated

Reference:
◦ According to criteria set by BMC Health Services
Research .
◦ Adequate references (37)
◦ Reference from studies conducted in 1962 to
2009 are used

38. Presentation of Research
Report

Report is well written and documented

Abstract adequately summarized

Well organized, no use of jargons

Objectives not clearly stated

No irrelevant details

39. Recommendations
Study would have been better if it would have :
 Stated the purpose of the study
 Clearly
stated the
independent variable
dependent
and
the
 Description
regarding the sampling technique
calculation of sample size
 Randomization
of subjects
 Capitalization
of each word in the table
heading.