2. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed
at fighting global warming
The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the
goal of achieving the "stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with
the climate system.“
The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997
in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on 16 February 2005
As of September 2011, 191 states have signed and
ratified the protocol
3. Participation in Kyoto Protocol as of 2011
Brown = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty
(Annex I & II countries in dark brown)
Blue = No intention to ratify at this stage.
Dark blue = Canada, which withdrew from the Protocol in December 2011.
Grey = no position taken or position unknown
4.
5. Under the Protocol, 37 countries ("Annex I countries")
commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases
(GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur
hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydro
fluorocarbons and per fluorocarbons) produced by them, and
all member countries give general commitments
At negotiations, Annex I countries (including the US)
collectively agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
by 5.2% on average for the period 2008-2012.
Since the US has not ratified the treaty, the collective
emissions reduction of Annex I Kyoto countries falls from
5.2 % to 4.2% below base year
6. Each Annex I Party has a binding commitment to limit or reduce GHG
emissions and innovative mechanisms have been established for Parties to
facilitate compliance with this commitment.
Other commitments include:
• Each Annex I Party must undertake domestic policies and measures to reduce
GHG emissions and to enhance removals by sinks;
• In implementing these policies and measures, each Annex I Party must strive to
minimize any adverse impact of these policies and measures on other Parties,
particularly developing country Parties;
• Annex I Parties must provide additional financial resources to advance the
implementation of commitments by developing countries;
• Both Annex I and non-Annex I Parties must cooperate in the areas of:
(a) The development, application and diffusion of climate friendly technologies;
(b) Research on and systematic observation of the climate system;
(c) Education, training, and public awareness of climate change;
(d) The improvement of methodologies and data for GHG inventories
7.
8. Austria – 87% Liechtenstein – 92%
Lithuania – 92%
Belarus – 95% Luxembourg – 72%
Belgium – 92.5%
Netherlands – 94%
Bulgaria – 92%
Canada – 94% New Zealand – 100%
Croatia – 95% Norway – 101%
Czech Republic – 92% Poland – 94%
Denmark – 79% Portugal – 127%
Estonia – 92% Romania – 92%
Finland – 100% Russian Federation – 100%
France – 100% Slovakia – 92%
Germany – 79% Slovenia – 92%
Greece – 125%
Spain – 115%
Hungary – 94%
Iceland – 110% Sweden – 104%
Ireland – 113% United Kingdom – 87.5%
Italy – 93.5% United States of America – 93%
9. Five Parties have an alternative base year:
Bulgaria: 1988;
Hungary: the average of the years 1985-1987;
Poland: 1988;
Romania: 1989;
Slovenia: 1986
10. 1. International Emissions Trading (IET)
Under this mechanism, an Annex I Party may transfer Kyoto units to or
acquire units from another Annex I Party.
Emissions trading does not affect the total assigned amount of Annex I
Parties collectively; rather, it re-distributes the assigned amount among
them.
A Party may acquire an unlimited number of units.
The number of units that a Party may transfer to other Parties
is limited by the Party’s commitment period reserve (CPR).
The CPR is the minimum level of units that a Party must hold in its
national registry at all times. The requirement for each Party to maintain
a CPR prevents a Party from over-transferring units, and thus impair its
ability to meet its commitments
11. 2. Joint implementation (JI)
It is a project-based mechanism by which one Annex I Party can invest in a project
that reduces emissions or enhances sequestration in another Annex I Party, and
receive credit for the emission reductions or removals achieved through that
project.
The unit associated with JI is called an emission reduction unit (ERU).
The total projected emission savings from JI by 2012 are about one tenth that of
the CDM.
Russia accounts for about two-thirds of these savings, with the remainder divided
up roughly equally between the Ukraine and the EU's New Member States.
12. 3. Clean Development Mechanism
CDM credits may be generated from emission reduction projects or from
afforestation and reforestation projects in non-Annex I Parties.
Unlike emissions trading and JI, projects under the CDM create new Kyoto units
and their acquisition by Annex I Parties increases both the total assigned
amount available for those Annex I Parties collectively and their allowable level
of emissions.
CDM projects result in three types of Kyoto units.
Certified emission reductions (CERs) are issued for projects that reduce
emissions
Temporary CERs (tCERs)
Long-term CERs (lCERs) both of which may be issued for projects that enhance
removals through afforestation and reforestation projects.
13. National emission targets exclude international aviation
and shipping
Land use and forestry (‘sink’ activities) can be used in
meeting targets
Common but differentiated responsibility
Largest share of emissions originated in developed
countries
Relatively low emissions in developing countries
Share of emissions in developing countries will grow
to meet their social and development needs
Per capita emissions
14. Financial Commitments:
Developed countries have to pay billions of dollars
and supply technology to other countries for
climate related studies. E.g. The Adaptation Fund
Enforcement:
If a country is not in compliance with its emissions
limitation, it is required to make up the difference
during the 2nd commitment period plus an
additional 30%
It will also be suspended from making transfers
under an emissions trading program
15. Emissions as a percentage of the global total,
per capita emissions in tons of GHG per capita
China 15%, 5.8
United States 16%, 24.1
European Union 11%, 10.6
Indonesia 6%, 12.9
India 5%, 2.1
Source: International Energy Agency (IEA, 2007,p.201)
16. Industrialized countries were committed to ‘take
the lead’ in reducing emissions
They were required to stabilize their emissions at
1990 levels by 2000
Failure to do so made Kyoto move to binding
commitments
Developing countries were not subject to emission
reduction commitments in the first Kyoto
commitment period
Clean Development Mechanism was designed to
limit emissions in developing countries
17. The G77 wanted strong uniform emission cuts across the
developed world
However, countries such as the US made suggestions to
reduce their responsibility to reduce emissions (inclusion
of carbon sinks, ignoring historical emissions)
Countries over achieving in their first period
commitments were allowed to ‘bank’ their unused
allowances for use in the subsequent period
The EU suggested a ‘bubble’ commitment
The US was obliged to cut back emissions more than
other countries
18. Exceptions to Kyoto Targets :Belarus, Malta, and Turkey are
Annex I Parties but do not have Kyoto targets. The US has a
Kyoto target of a 6% reduction relative to the 1990 level, but
has not ratified the treaty. But Emissions in the US have
increased 11% since 1990
The Energy sector is found to be the largest source of
emissions
Due to non-US participation in the Kyoto treaty, cost
estimates were found to be much lower than those
estimated in IPCC third assessment report
19. For multinationals, the Kyoto Protocol’s entry into force
means new restrictions, a new source of income, or both
Companies operating in industrialized countries will be
subject to the programs developed by those countries to
meet their Kyoto obligations.
Companies with facilities in developing countries might be in
a position to take advantage of a new source of “carbon”
financing through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Example: Through their Southeast Asian subsidiaries,
companies such as Unocal have explored ways to use CDM
transactions to finance new clean energy projects.
20. No details on specific policies and measures to meet
reduction targets
No commitments from developing nations
No details on implementing permits system
including penalties
No details on funding mechanisms for developing
nations
‘bunkers fuels’ issue unresolved (i.e. The fuel used in
shipping and air travels)
21. The United States has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol, but it
hasn't withdrawn from it, either
The main objection of the US to ratification is regarding the
nature of participation of developing countries. The US will
not ratify the Protocol unless developing countries are also
required to keep greenhouse gas levels at targeted
minimums.
The US feels that the Kyoto Protocol is unfair in that
countries like itself will be harmed economically because
they will have to make the most changes in order to adhere
to targeted levels of CO2 levels set forth in the Kyoto
Protocol.
22. May 2011: Russia, Japan and Canada told the G8 they would
not join a second round of carbon cuts under the Kyoto
Protocol at United Nations talks and the US reiterated it
would remain outside the treaty. They argued that the Kyoto
format did not require developing countries, including China,
the world’s No. 1 carbon emitter, to make targeted emission
cuts
Aug 2011: The European Union, the major developing
countries, and most African and Pacific island nations
declared that they would like to see the Kyoto process
extended as a prelude to a more ambitious, binding
international agreement that would take effect by 2020
23. A primary focus of the conference was to secure a global
climate agreement as the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment
period (2008–2012) was about to end
Also expected to focus on finalising at least some of the
Cancun Agreements such as co-operation on clean
technology, as well as forest protection, adaptation to
climate impacts, etc
Canada's environment minister Peter Kent announced his
country's withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol
24. After two weeks of negotiations a deal was reached only on the
last day, Sunday 11 December, after a 60-hour marathon
negotiation session. Negotiators agreed to be part of a legally
binding treaty to address global warming
The terms of the future treaty are to be defined by 2015 and
become effective in 2020.
The agreement, referred to as the "Durban platform" includes
developing countries such as China and India, as well as the US
which refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol
Green fund : The conference led to progress regarding the
creation of a Green Climate Fund for which a management
framework was adopted. The fund is to distribute US$100bn per
year to help poor countries adapt to climate impact
25. India will not sign any legally binding global agreement
for emission reduction as the country needs to eradicate
poverty through economic growth
India argues that since the CO2 in the atmosphere is
from developed countries it is their responsibility to cut
down the emissions. However India will make all efforts
to cut down on green house gas emissions but that
would be voluntary
India being a developing country is still not stable
enough to take up global warming as the emission cuts
will slow down its development and cripple it
economically
