anatomical structure of bones and joints for basic level.

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2. BonesBones• 206 in human body
• Type of Connective tissue
• Composition: protoplasm, collagen, blood vessels, marrow
• Function:
o support (eg) pelvic bowl, legs
o protect (eg) skull, vertebrae
o mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate, inorganic
component
o movement (eg) walk, grasp objects
o blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow
• Shapes of Bones
o Long, Flat, Irregular, Short
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3. Structure of BoneStructure of Bone
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4. Joints (articulations)Joints (articulations)
• Where parts of skeleton meet
• Allows varying amounts of mobility
• Classified by structure or function
• Arthrology: study of joints
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5. Joints and their ClassificationJoints and their Classification
• Arthrology = study of the joints
• Kinesiology = study of musculoskeletal movement
• Classified by freedom of movement
o diarthrosis (freely movable)
o amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
o synarthrosis (little or no movement)
• Classified how adjacent bones are joined
o fibrous, cartilaginous, bony or synovial
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6. Types of jointsTypes of joints
Structure Type Example
Cartilagenous Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Epiphyseal plates
Intervertebral
discs
Fibrous Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphosis
Skull
Distal Tibia/fibula
Teeth in sockets
Synovial Uniaxial
Biaxial
Ball and socket
Glenohumeral
joint
Knee joint
TMJ 6

7. Components of Synovial JointsComponents of Synovial Joints
• Articular cartilage: hyaline; covers ends of both bones articulating
• Synovial (joint) cavity: space holding synovial fluid
• Articular capsule: Made of 2 layers
o Fibrous: external, dense CT for strength
o Synovial membrane: internal, produces synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid: viscous; lubricates and nourishes; contained in capsule
and articular cartilages
• Reinforcing ligaments: extra-capsular/intra-capsular
• Nerves + vessels: Highly innervated, Highly vascular
• Meniscus (some): fibrocartilage; improves the fit of 2 bones to
increase stability
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8. Synovial Joint structureSynovial Joint structure
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9. Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints
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10. MusclesMuscles
• a soft tissue found in most animals.
• Types:
1) Smooth muscle - controlled by the autonomic nervous system; may either
be generally inactive and then respond to neural stimulation or hormones or
may be rhythmic
2) Cardiac muscle - found in the heart, acts like rhythmic smooth muscle,
modulated by neural activity and hormones
3) Skeletal muscle - move us around and responsible for most of our behavior;
most attached to bones at each end via tendons
• Function: 1) movement
2) maintain posture
3) joint stability
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11. Special Features of MuscleSpecial Features of Muscle
• Contractibility = cells generate pulling force
• Excitibility = nervous impulses travel through muscle
plasma membrane to stimulate contraction
• Extensibility = after contraction muscle can be
stretched back to original length by opposing
muscle action
• Elasticity = after being stretched, muscle passively
recoils to resume its resting length
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12. Muscle Basics toMuscle Basics to
RememberRemember
• 3 Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
• Origin vs. Insertion
• Direct vs. Indirect Attachments
o direct = right onto bone
o indirect = via tendon/aponeurosis
• more common
• leave bony markings = tubercle, crest, ridge, etc.
• Sometimes attach to skin
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13. Arrangements of Muscle FasciclesArrangements of Muscle Fascicles
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