3. INTRODUCTION
Botanical name: Malus domestica
Family: Rosaceae
Production: 76.51 Mt (world)
2891 met tonnes( India)
Productivity: 14.36 MT/Ha (World)
10.1 MT/Ha (India)
India is the 5th largest producer of apple
in world grown in J&K, Himachal
pradesh, Uttrakhand
Jammu and Kashmir is largest producer
(64.5%) of apple in India followed by
Himachal pradesh (30.1%)
4. DISEASES
FUNGAL
Apple Scab
Root rot
Collar rot
Powder mildew
Sooty blotch and Fly speck
Canker
Blue mold
BACTERIAL
Fire Blight
Gall formation
VIRAL
Apple mosaic
Apple stem pitting
Apple stem grooving
Apple chlorotic leaf spot
VIROID
Apple scar skin
PHYTOPLSMAL
Apple proliferation
6. APPLE SCAB (Venturia inaequalis)
First reported in Swedan and in India from Kashmir valley on cultivar Ambri
Epidemic in Kashmir valley in 1975 and in Himachal Pradesh in 1981
Among five diseases of national importance having domestic Quarantine
SYMPTOMS
Leaf - Valvety olive green lesions with indistinct margins are observed that are turn
metallic black
Fruit Scabs - fungus stimulates cork formation beneath spots that may cover the
fruits and result in severe fruit disfiguration
Twigs – infections easily overlooked as the lesions look like enlarged lenticels
8. Management
Resistant varieties
Shreen , Firdous, Akbar, Freedom, Belmac, Redfree, Prima
Sanitation
Removal of last year leaves, infected fruits to Prevent pseudothcial
formation in overwintering apple leaves.
Biological control
Trichoderma :Reduction of conidia production
Microsphaeropsis ochraceae: Potent bio-sanitation agent against
apple scab as this fungus kills the resting structures of V. inaequalis
Chemical control
• Protectant fungicdes are applied routinely at 7 to 10 day intervals
according to anticipated infection periods( Baycor @ 0.5%, Dodine@
0.6%) at pink bud stage
• Application of urea on fallen leaves @ 0.14%
9. APPLE CANKERS
CANKER NAME CAUSAL ORGANISM
Black /Brown Sphaeropsis malorum
Pink canker Corticium salmonicolor
Valsa canker Valsa ceratosperma
Eurapean canker Nectria galligena
Nail Head canker Numullaria discreta
Phomopsis canker Phomopsis mali
10. SYMPTOMS
•Girdling of branches and die back or twig blight
• Mumified ,rotting of fruit and Premature defoliation.
MANAGEMENT
•Avoid mechanical injury and apply wound
dressers on cut areas
•Orchard sanitation
•Canker girdled branches should be removed
alongwith 15cm healthy tissue in dormant
season or 30cm in growing season
•Partially girdled branches should be scarified
with sharp knife and covered with chaubhattia or
bordeaux paste
MUMMIFIED FRUITS
11. WHITE ROOT ROT (Rosellina necatrix)
SYMPTOMS
Initially yellowing of leaves
Affected plant bear small leaves less in
number & profuse fruiting
Fishy smell from exposed roots
In sever cases plant dies
MANAGEMENT
Avoid water logging
Removal of soil from canopy up to
depth of 6-9 inch
Drenching with carbendiazim @ 0.1% +
captan @0.2 % in 2 inch diameter, 12- 18
inch deep holes in alternate lines around
the canopy area up to 2 meter width
Soil sterilization with 3% formaldehyde
12. COLLAR ROT (Phtophthora cactorum)
Above Ground Symptoms
o Undersize and stunted leaves.
o Ample fruiting
Below Ground Symptoms
o Bark at the soil line becomes slimy and rots
results in cankered areas.
o Wounds are irregular in outline usually
rough,oval,which extend rapidly girdling of a
tree.
MANAGEMENT
Cultural Control:
Improved drainage.
Chemical Control:
After scarification application of Bordeaux paste
or metalaxyl paint.
Drenching
I. Mancozeb 75 WP @0.3%.
II. Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP @0.2%
13. SOOTY BLOTCH AND FLY SPECK
SYMPTOMS
Sooty blotch (Gloedes pomigena)
Brown to dull black, sooty blotches form on the fruit
surface.
The fungus is restricted to the outer surface of the fruit,
and in many cases the blotches can be easily rubbed off.
Fly speck (Schizothyrium pomi)
Groups of 6 to 50 or more black and shiny round dots
appear on the surface of the fruit. Like sooty blotch, fly
speck infections are superficial; however, they are
usually harder to rub off than sooty blotch
MANAGEMENT
Avoid shade trees around orchards
Proper prunning and training
Use of protective fungicides like Mancozeb @ 0.5 %
14. BLUE MOLD (Penicillium digitatum)
Affect mature fruit only (Post harvest disease)
Common rot of stored apples and pears
SYMPTOMS
Watery areas that begin around injuries or
lenticels on the fruit surface
Characteristically moldy odour and flavor
Grayish-blue masses of spores appear on the
fruit surface
MANAGEMENT
Avoid wounds and bruises during harvesting,
packing And storage
Harvested at optimum maturity
Disinfection of containers etc
Remove decaying fruit daily from
packinghouses
Postharvest chemical treatments( Benlate)
16. FIRE BLIGHT( Erwinia amylovora)
First bacterial disease reported
by T.J.Burill in 1878
Not present in India
SYMPTOMS
• Flower and twig – blight
appears in spring, blackening of
flowers and leaves = curled
leaves hanging from twigs and
small branches
• Fruits – first as water soaked
lesion, then mummifies and
turn black and may remain on
tree for several months
18. MANAGEMENT
• Pruning
– Prune out blighted twigs and cankers during the dormant
season. This may decrease the pathogen inoculum level for the
following season.
– If blighted twigs are pruned out during summer, cuts should be
made l2 to l5 inches below diseased wood and pruning tools
should be disinfested by dipping in a 2:10 solution of
household bleach in water after each cut.
• Proper fertilization
– Excessive nitrogen fertilizer and heavy pruning will promote
vigorous growth of succulent tissue which is more susceptible
to fire blight. Avoid excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer and
apply fertilizer only in the spring.
• Control insects
– Sucking insects create wounds through which fire blight
bacteria can enter.
19. CROWN GALL (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
SYMPTOMS
Identified by over growths
appearing as galls on roots and at
the base or "crown" of apple &
pear)
MANAGEMENT
Site selection. Fields that have
grown cereal crops for a long period
are favored as crown gall-free sites.
Chemical eradicants. Creosote-
based compounds, copper-based
solutions, and strong oxidants such
as sodium hypochlorite are
transiently effective
Biological control. Use of A.
radiobacter K84 before planting in
infested field
21. APPLE MOSAIC (AMV)
Illarvirus (Apple mosaic virus)
Transmission: Pollen
SYMPTOMS
Bright cream spots on spring leaves as
they expand , These spots may become
necrotic after exposure to summer sun
and heat
MANAGEMENT
Avoiding taking graft wood or bud
wood from infected tree
For checking the spread of disease
through root grafting, trench should
be dug around the trunk of infected
tree
Resistant varieties if available
22. APPLE STEM PITTING (ASPV)
Foveavirus (Apple stem pitting virus)
Transmission: Grafting
SYMPTOMS
Inner bark necrosis, dieback, vein
yellowing
MANAGEMENT
Avoiding taking graft wood or bud
wood from infected tree
23. APPLE SCAR SKIN (ASSVd)
APSCAVIROID
SYMPTOMS
Reddish brown patches with brownish scar-like
tissue, dappling(spotting)
Infected fruits often remain small and hard,
do not ripen properly, and develop an
unpleasant off-flavour
MANAGEMENT
Use of healthy propagation materials
Indexing programmes
if necessary, the removal of diseased trees.
25. APPLE PROLIFERATION(APP)
Causal Organism: Phytoplasma mali
SYMPTOMS
Branches
Witches' broom: The development of axillary buds produces a proliferation of secondary
shoots, which creates a broom-like appearance at the end of the affected branch
Leaves
Leaves may roll downwards and become brittle, finely and irregularly serrated, are
smaller than normal and may appear more yellow than healthy leaves during the
summer
MANAGEMENT
Removal of infected trees and the control of insect vectors may limit the spread of APP
APP-resistant rootstocks
