3. ?
• Cardiotonic agents are drugs used to
increase the contractility and output in a
hypodynamic heart without propotionate
increase in 02 consumption
• Commonly used in the treatment of heart
failure (HF)
4. • Cardiotonic (inotropic) drugs affect the
intracellular calcium levels in the heart
muscle, leading to increased contractility.
• This increase in contraction strength leads
to increased cardiac output, which causes
increased renal blood flow and increased
urine production
6. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
• Digoxin (Lanoxin) commonly used drug
• The cardiac glycosides were originally
derived from Digitalis purpurea (Common
Foxglove)
8. Mechanism of action
• Digoxin increases intracellular calcium and
allows more calcium to enter myocardial
cells during depolarization. That results
1. Increased force of myocardial
contraction (a positive inotropic effect)
2. • Increased cardiac output and renal
perfusion
9. 3. Slowed heart rate, owing to slowing of the
rate of cellular repolarization (a negative
chronotropic effect)
4.Decreased conduction velocity through the
atrioventricular(AV) node
11. Dosage
• Digoxin is available for oral and parenteral
administration.
• Oral- 0.75–1.25 mg PO
• IV-0.125–0.25 mg IV
• Onset of action - 30–120 minutes when
taken orally, 5–30 minutes when given
intravenously
12. Contraindications
• hypersensitivity to digitalis preparations
• ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation
• heart block or sick sinus syndrome
• idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
(IHSS)
• acute MI
• Renal failure
13. Adverse Effects
• headache, weakness, drowsiness and
vision changes
• Digitalis toxicity ( serious side effect)
14. Digitalis toxicity
• A serious syndrome that can occur when
digoxin levels are too high
• Normal level- 0.5 -2.0 ng/ml
signs and symptoms – anorexia, nausea,
vomiting, malaise, depression, irregular
heart rhythms including heart block, atrial
arrhythmias, and ventricular tachycardia
16. Nurses responsibilities
• Assess for contraindications or cautions
• Perform a physical assessment
• Assess cardiac status closely, including
pulse and blood pressure
• Monitor apical pulse for 1 full minute
before administering the drug
17. • Hold the dose if the pulse is less than 60
beats/min in an adult or less than 90
beats/min in an infant; retake the pulse in
1 hour. If the pulse remains low, document
it, withhold the drug, and notify the
prescriber
• Monitor the pulse for any change in quality
or rhythm
18. • Administer intravenous doses very slowly
over at least 5 minutes to avoid cardiac
arrhythmias and adverse effects.
• Avoid administering the oral drug with food
or antacids to avoid delays in absorption
• Obtain digoxin level as ordered; monitor
the patient for therapeutic digoxin level
(0.5–2 ng/mL)
19. • Maintain emergency equipment on
standby if digoxin toxicity develops
• Provide thorough patient teaching,
including the name of the drug, dosage
prescribed, technique for monitoring pulse
and acceptable pulse parameters, dietary
measures if appropriate, measures to
avoid adverse effects, warning signs of
possible toxicity and need to notify health
care provider
20. PHOSPHODIESTERASE
INHIBITORS
• milrinone (Primacor)
• This drugs block the enzyme
phosphodiesterase.This blocking effect
leads to an increase in myocardial cell
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),
which increases calcium levels in the cell
21. INDICATIONS
• short-term treatment of HF that has not
responded to digoxin or diuretics alone or
that has had a poor response to digoxin,
diuretics, and vasodilators
24. Adverse Effects
• ventricular arrhythmias (which can
progress to fatal ventricular fibrillation),
hypotension, and chest pain
• GI effects include nausea, vomiting,
anorexia, and abdominal pain
• Thrombocytopenia occurs frequently with
milrinone
26. Nurses responsibilities
• Assess for contraindications or cautions:
any known allergies to these drugs or to
avoid hypersensitivity reactions;
• acute aortic or pulmonic valvular disease,
• acute myocardial infarction
• ventricular arrhythmias
27. • Pregnancy and lactation
• Assess cardiac status closely, including
pulse and blood pressure
• Protect the drug from light to prevent drug
degradation
• Monitor input and output and record daily
weight
28. • Monitor platelet counts before and
regularly during therapy to ensure that the
dose is appropriate, inspect the skin for
bruising or petechiae to detect early signs
of thrombocytopenia
• Provide life-support equipment on standby
29. • Provide thorough patient teaching,
including the name of the drug, dosage
prescribed, measures to avoid adverse
effects, warning signs of problems, and
the need for periodic monitoring and
evaluation
31. ANGINA
• It is a pain syndrome due to induction of
an adverse oxygen supply/demand
situation in a portion of myocardium
32. • Antianginal drugs are used to help restore
the appropriate supply-and-demand ratio
in oxygen delivery to the myocardium.
33. How they act
• These drugs can work to improve blood
delivery to the heart muscle
• (1) by dilating blood vessels
(i.e.,increasing the supply of oxygen)
(2) by decreasing the work of the heart
(i.e.decreasing the demand for oxygen).
37. Nitrates
• Nitrates are drugs that act directly on
smooth muscle to cause relaxation and to
depress muscle tone
• isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)
• isosorbide mononitrate
• nitroglycerin
38. Mechanism of action
• The nitrates relax and dilate veins,
arteries, and capillaries, allowing
increased blood fl ow through the vessels
and lowering systemic blood pressure
because of a drop in resistance.
• Nitrates decreases the preload and
afterload
39. INDICATIONS
• LONG ACTING NITRATES
Taken before chest pain begins in situations in
which exertion or stress can be anticipated for
prevention of angina in adults; taken daily for
management of chronic angina
SHORT ACTING NITRATES
• Treatment of acute angina attack; prevention of
anginal attacks
40. AVAILABLE FORMS
• Nitroglycerin is available as
• sublingual tablet,
• Translingual spray,
• Intravenous solution
• Transdermal patch,
• Topical ointmentor paste,
• Transmucosal agent
41. DOSAGE
• Isosorbide nitrate- 2.5–5 mg SL
5-mg chewable tablet;
5–20 mg PO;
• Nitroglycerin- 5 mcg/min via IV infusion
pump every 3–5 min;
• 0.4-mg metered dose sublingual, up to
three doses in 15 min for acute attack
43. Adverse effect
• Central nervous system (CNS)
headache, dizziness, and weakness
• Gastrointestinal (GI)
nausea, vomiting, and incontinence.
Cardiovascular
Hypotension
• Integumentary
flushing, pallor, increased perspiration.
44. Nurses responsibilities
• Assess for contraindications
• Assess cardiopulmonary status closely,
including pulse rate, blood pressure, heart
rate, and rhythm (30min)
• Always check the expiration date on the
bottle and protect the medication from
heat and light
• Instruct the patient that a sublingual dose
may be repeated in 5 minutes if relief is
45. is not felt, for a total of three doses; if pain
persists, the patient should go to an
emergency room
•Rotate the sites of topical form
•Taper the dose gradually (over 4 to 6
weeks) after long-term therapy
46. BETA BLOCKERS
• Beta-adrenergic blockers are used to
block the stimulatory effects of the
sympathetic nervous system.
• Eg- Atenelol
Propanalol
Metoprolol
47. Mechanism of action
• The beta-blockers competitively block
beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and
decreasing the influence of the SNS on
these tissues. The result is a decrease in
the excitability of the heart, a decrease in
cardiac output, a decrease in cardiac
oxygen consumption, and a lowering
of blood pressure.
51. NURSES RESPONSIBILITY
• Assess for contraindications or cautions
• Do not stop these drugs abruptly after
chronic therapy, but taper gradually over 2
weeks
• Monitor blood pressure, pulse, rhythm,
and cardiac output regularly
• Continuously monitor any patient receiving
an intravenous form of these drugs
53. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Calcium channel blockers inhibit the
movement of calcium ions across the
membranes of myocardial and arterial
muscle cells, altering the action potential
and blocking muscle cell contraction.
• This will results loss of smooth muscle
tone, vasodilation, and decreased
peripheral resistance occur
54. • Decreases the preload and afterload
which results in decreases cardiac
workload and oxygen consumption.
55. INDICATIONS
Treatment of
•Prinzmetal angina
•Chronic angina
•Effort associated angina
•Hypertension.
•Verapamil is also used to treat cardiac
tachyarrhythmias because it slows
conduction more than the other calcium
channel blockers do
57. Adverse Effects
• CNS -dizziness, light-headedness,
headache, and fatigue.
• GI- nausea and hepatic injury related to
direct toxic effects on hepatic cells.
Cardiovascular -hypotension, bradycardia,
peripheral edema, and heart block.
• Skin- flushing and rash
58. NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES
• Assess for contraindications
• Inspect skin for color and integrity
• Monitor blood pressure very carefully
• Provide thorough patient teaching
59. Potassium channel openers
• Potassium channel openers activates the
ATP sensitive potassium channels thereby
hyperpolarising the vascular smooth
muscles.
• This results in reduction in vascular tone
• That will lead to a decrease in preload and
afterload
• EG- Nicorandil
61. INDICATIONS
• Prevention and long term treatment of
chronic stable angina pectoris
• Reduction in the risk of acute coronary
syndromes in patients with chronic stable
angina
64. Nurses responsibility
• Assess the hypersensitivity and
contraindications
• Regular monitoring of vital signs
• Health education
• asses the oral cavity for oral ulcers
65. OTHERS- IVABRADINE
• Ivabradine is a newer type of drug
• Mechnism of action- it acts by reducing
the heart rate by specific inhibition of the
funny
channel (cyclic nucleotide-gated)
• It specifically inhibits the cardiac
pacemaker and therby reducing heart
rate
68. Contraindications
• Resting heart rate less than 70
• Cardiogenic shock
• Acute M I
• Sick sinus syndrome
• Severe hepatic injury
• Pregnency and lactation
70. Nurses responsibility
• Check for hypersensitivity and
contraindications
• Assess the pulse rate and blood pressure
• Check the liver function test regularly
• Check for visual disturbances
• Health education
81. LOOP DIURETICS
They inhibit the sodium and chloride
reabsorption in the thick segment of the
ascending limb of the loop of Henle as well
as in the proximal convoluted tubule and the
distal diluting site
Eg- furosemide( Lasix)
83. Thiazide diuretics
Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption
in the distal convoluted tubule
•These drugs are the first-line drugs used to
manage essential hypertension when drug
therapy is needed
85. Potassium Sparing Diuretics
• The potassium-sparing diuretics are not
as powerful as the loop diuretics, but they
retain potassium instead of wasting it
• Eg- spironolactone (Aldactone)
amiloride (Midamor)
86. Mechanism of action
• Spironolactone acts as an aldosterone
antagonist, blocking the actions of
aldosterone in the distal tubule.
• It decreases the elimination of potassium