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Eunsung Kim
Sami Hmaidan
Sophie Dobber
Syibratul Mohd Pauzi
Vasileios Matsoukas
Woonghee Park

THE FUTURE OF
THE OLYMPICS
THE

BRIEF
As part of the Design Futures module of the
MA Design Strategy & Innovation program
at Brunel University, London
THE BRIEF: To create ‘design futures scenarios’
examining of a team’s view of the future on a
certain topic or area and the role design will play.
THE

TEAM
VASILEIOS
Matsoukas

SYIBRATUL
Mohd Pauzi

EUNSUNG
Kim

SOPHIE
Dobber

SAMI

Hmaidan

WOONGHEE
Park
OLMP
TOPIC
The Olympic Games
OLMP
AIM
Addressing the Olympic Committee, our
aim is to demonstrate future scenarios of
the Olympics from a design & innovation
perspective and present how it will affect
the olympic’s identity, the olympic venues
and audience experiences. This will be
presented through three intervals: the
period until 2016, 2032, then 2060.

2016<
FUTURE

2032

2060
OLMP
SCOPE
The scope will cover from
the audiences perspective:
- olympics identity
- olympic venues
- audience engagement

bidding cities
volunteers
audiences

olympics
stakeholders

olympic committee
athletes

sponsors
OLYMPICS

PRIMARY
analysis

trends / articles / lectures / guest lecturers

SECONDARY

RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION

TOPIC +
SCOPING
OB
at S
St ER
ra V
tfo AT
rd IO
, L N:
on O
IN
do lym
cr TE
n p
ea R
ic
tiv VI
W
e EW
al
di :
k
re D
ct ig
or it
IN
/m al
Am TE
an Ex
y T RV
ag pe
in IE
in rt
gY W
g
in : S
di
re
pe
Ch
ct
IN
en ct
or
pr TE
g ato
at
of R
rA
es V
IM
IE
so W
tL
AN
rG :
on
O
Pl
re
do
am ac
n
e
20
e B
Ev r
12
an
an
s din
/O g
zl E
em xp
Ed ert
ize
l

OLMP
METHODOLOGY
2016

OLYMPIA
TO RIO
2016
EVERYONE
IS IN!
- sports for all:
disabled / young
- worldwide event
- branded event
- hosted in powerful cities

(BBC, 2012)
2016
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND ECONOMIC
IMPACT
- lower waste of money
and resources
- create opportunities
- upgrade cities

(British Embassy Tokyo, 2012)
2016
ENTERTAINMENT
- worldwide accessibility
- technical development
- enhanced in-stadium
experiences

(Erwin, 2013) ((Baumer, 2010)
2016

MEGA TRENDS

SOFT TRENDS

SUMMARY

inclusiveness

sponsorship

Identity

belonging

sustainability
recycling

economy
technology

Venues

urban dev.

connectivity

Audiences
(Jordan, 2013)
2032

IN TWO
DECADES
2032
EMERGING
ECONOMIES
- recession in the west
- emergence of new economies
- hosts: new rich countries,
BRICs and Arab countries

(BBC, 2012)
2032
INCLUSIVENESS
- more female participation
- participation: gender equality
and wider age groups
- some games having both genders

(Evans, 2013)
2032
EFFICIENT
VENUES
- swappable / flexible stadiums
- LED courts
- adapt to: sports & spectatorship

(Carey, 2012) (Hatmaker, 2011)
2032
CRADLE TO CRADLE
- zero carbon footprint
- self efficient
- energy surplus to empower
surrounding areas

(Heizelmann, 2012)
2032
AUGMENTED
EXPERIENCES
- advanced devices
- access to realtime info
- personalized e-shopping

17 KM/H
14 KM/H

SOPHIE
(Madrigal, 2012) (Barwick, 2012)
2032
SPECTATORSHIP
- holograms
- audience-controlled visual effects
- athletes outfits reactive to audience

(Baumer, 2012) (Lister, 2013)
2032

MEGA TRENDS

SOFT TRENDS

gender equality

SUMMARY
inclusiveness
sustainability
sponsorship

economy

aging
population

Identity

higher expectations

connectivity

technology

zero waste

Venues

internet of things

personalization

Audiences
(Evans, 2013) (Jordan, 2013)

higher expectations
2060

47 YEARS
LATER
2060
GLOBALIZATION
- power shifts: nations to brands
- brands will organize the
the olympics in coordination
with nations
- brands will make political
partnerships with other brands
- consumers expressing their
values through brands

(Boult, 2013) (Jordan, 2013)
2060
ECONOMIC
INJECTION
- brands will use the games
as part of their CSR policy
- games to be hosted in
developing countries
2060
TRAVELLING
VENUES
- permanent injection:
housing & infrastructure
- temporary sport facilities

(Galvani, 2007)
2060
AUDIENCES ARE
GIVEN THE POWER
- power will shift from
nations to brands
- consumers will have a say in:
event decisions / awards

AWARDS:
PEOPLE’S
CHOICE
ATHLETES

CHOICE:
FROM
SHORTLISTED
CITIES
2060

MEGA TRENDS

SOFT TRENDS
globalization

SUMMARY

co-creation

economy

Identity

co-branding

brand power

fast construction
techniques

sustainability
technology

values through
brands

Venues

3D printed
architecture

globalization
co-creation

Audiences
MAJOR TRENDS
AUDIENCE
PERSPECTIVE

inclu

siven

ess
Identity

sustainability
ech.evolution
t

hift
ic s

nom
eco

nd
ra
b

er
ow
p

Venues

Audiences
TRENDS’ IMPACT ON
DESIGN STRATEGY
2032

2060

Nation Based

Brand Based

CSR, brand
based event

Sustainable
Stadiums

Self-sufficiant
flexible venues

Traveling
Venues

Passive
Spectator

Immersed
Spectator

Decision
Maker

2016<
Identity

Venues

Audiences
RECOMMENDATIONS
to the Olympic Committee

Although sponsorship represents a major source
of income to the Olympic games, remaining
authentic to the Olympics’ essence is really
important. Avoid being too commercial.
While the game of power will shift with time from
nations to brands, a global audience is the one
thing that will never change. Therefore, establish
direct communication channels as early as
possible and engage them.
RECOMMENDATIONS
to the Olympic Committee

With the digital advancement, co-creating with
consumers is on the rise. They are eventually
becoming decision-makers in many aspects with
regards to products and services.
Anticipating this trend by giving the olympics’
audiences more power and influence on the
games is key to engaging them.
Sustainability, inclusiveness, and economic
develpment are becoming part of the Olympics’
identity. It is advisable to integrate these more in
the regulations for organizing the event.
REFERENCES
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at: http://inhabitat.com/residence-sliding-house-drmm/. (Accessed : 22 Feb 2013).
Erdkoenig, A and Siskov, M. (2010) ‘Railway Housing’, Evolvo, 1 Feb. Available at :
http://www.evolo.us/architecture/railway-housing/(Accessed : 22 Feb 2013).
Erwin, J. (2013) ‘Crowdsourcing, Seven Ways Crowdsourcing is Influencing the World’, Pgi, 10 Jan.
Available at: http://blog.pgi.com/2013/01/seven-ways-crowdsourcing-is-influencing-the-world/.
(Accessed : 19 Feb 2013).
Fast Company. (2009),’The Stadium of the FutureBy Fast Company Staff’, 1 April, Available at:
http://www.fastcompany.com/1208965/stadium-future (Accessed : 24 Feb 2013).
Galvagni , F.(2007) ‘Shipping and movable containers’, Bldb, 24 Nov. Available at:
http://bldgblog.blogspot.co.uk/2007/11/mobile-minimalism_24.html (Accessed : 20 Feb 2013).
guy-sports. n.d. Berlin 1936 Olympic Games, Available at: http://www.guysports.com/olympics/olympics_1936_berlin.htm (Accessed: 3 Mar 2013)
Hatmaker, T. (2011) ‘LED court lines change the game under your feet’, Yahoo New, 13 Sep, Available at: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/technology-blog/led-court-lineschange-game-under-feet-011111460.html. (Accessed : 20 Feb 2013)
Heinzelmann, F. (2012),’Artificial Waterfall Could Make 2016 The Greenest Olympic Games Yet’,
The Creator’s Project, March 07, Available at: http://thecreatorsproject.com/blog/artificialwaterfall-could-make-2016-the-greenest-olympic-games-yet (Accessed : 2 Mar).
Hi Consumption (2013) ‘LED Court, ASB GlassFloor’, 5 Jan, Available at:
http://hiconsumption.com/2013/01/asb-glassfloor-led-sports-court/. (Accessed : 29 Feb 2013).
Hill, D. (2012), ‘Though London's Games have yet to leave the starting block, work on Rio's Olympic venues is well under way’, n.d. Available at:
http://archrecord.construction.com/features/2012/London-Now/Rio-2016/Rio-2016.asp
(Accessed: 23 Feb 2013).
Jones, R. (2013), ‘Changing the games’, [Lecture to MA Design & Branding Strategy and MA
Design Strategy & Innovation]. 23 Jan.
Jordan, P. (2013), 21th Century Supertrends, [Lecture to MA Design & Branding Strategy and MA
Design Strategy & Innovation]. 19 Feb
REFERENCES
Addley, E. (2012) ‘London 2012: army of volunteer Olympic Games Makers stands down’, The
Guardian, 10 September [Online]. Available at:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/sep/10/london-2012-olympic-games-makers (Accessed: 3
Mar 2013).
Barford, V. (2012) ‘London 2012: The great Olympics sponsorship bandwagon.’, BBC News Magazine, 13 July, Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18182541 (Accessed: 10 Mar
2013)
Barwick, H. (2012) ‘Holograms may appear at future Olympics.’ Available:
http://www.cio.com.au/article/433257/holograms_may_appear_future_olympics_report/.
(Accessed 11 March 2013).
Baumer, K. (2010) ‘14 Innovations That Will Make Sports Stadiums Of The Future Unrecognizable’,
Business Insider, 9 Mar. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/sports-stadiumsinnovations-2010-11?op=1 (Accessed : 23 Feb 2013).
Bellerby, K. (2012) ‘An Olympic Volunteer’s Story’, La crème Magazine, 18 Aug, Available at:
http://www.lacrememagazine.co.uk/2012/08/an-olympic-volunteers-story/. (Accessed : 4 Mar
2013).
BBC (2012) Timeline: Olympic Powers. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/medals/olympic-powers (Accessed: 10 Mar 2013)
BBC news UK (2012) ‘London 2012: Olympic Games ‘greenest ever’’, 11 August, Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19220847 (Accessed: 1 Mar 2013)
Booth, R. and Gibson, O. (2012) ‘London 2012 Olympics empty seats row: Locog calls in the army
(again)’, the guardian. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jul/29/olympicsempty-seats-locog-army (Accessed: 10 Mar 2013)
British Embassy Tokyo (2012) London 2012 and Sustainability – the first ‘green’ Games., Available
at: http://ukinjapan.fco.gov.uk/en/visiting-the-uk/london-2012-olympics/sustainability/
(Accessed: 2 Mar 2013)
Carey, B. (2012) ‘Change of Venue’, Popsi, 21 Aug. Available at:
http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-07/change-venue (Accessed : 5 Mar 2013).
REFERENCES
Madrigal, A. (2012) ‘The World Is Not Enough: Google and the Future of Augmented Reality’, the
Atlantic, 25th Oct, Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/theworld-is-not-enough-google-and-the-future-of-augmented-reality/264059/. (Accessed : 26 Feb
2013).
Manchester City Council (2011) Event Volunteers. Available at: http://www.mev.org.uk/ (Accessed:
26 Feb 2013).
Manfred, T. (2012) ‘Abandoned Venues From The 2004 Athens Olympics’, 20 Aug, Available at:
http://www.businessinsider.com/2004-athens-olympics-venuesabandoned-today-photos-2012-8?op=1w (Accessed: 3 Mar 2013)
Maurrasse, D. (2012) ‘Rio 2016 Olympics: Another Reason to Watch Brazil’s Rise’,24 Aug. Available
at:
http://rio2016.com/enhttp://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/08/24/rio-2016-olympics-another-reason
-to-watch-brazils-rise/. (Accessed : 27 Feb 2013)
Mohan, J. (2012) ‘Will Olympic volunteering have an enduring impact?’, The Guardian, 28 Aug
[Online]. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/voluntary-sectornetwork/2012/aug/28/olympic-volunteering-enduring-impact (Accessed : 4 Mar 2013).
Olympist (2010) Commercialization of the Olympic Games, Available at:
http://www.olympist.org/summer-olympichistory/commercialization-of-the-olympic-games.html (Accessed: 10 Mar 2013)
Paleo-Future (2008) Mechanized Stadium of the Future (1958). Available: http://paleofuture.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/mechanized-stadium-of-future-1958.html. (Accessed 1 March
2013).
Pitts, As.and Liao H. (2009) Sustainable Olympic Design and Urban Developmen, 1st edn. Routledge.
Qualcomm (2012) Top 7 Olympic Tech Innovations. Available:
http://spark.qualcomm.com/blog/top-7-olympic-tech-innovations. (Accessed 11 March 2013).
Shields, R. (2011) ‘Coke Steps Up Co-Creation Ahead of London2012 Olympics’, 21 Oct, Crowdsourcing Org, Available at: http://www.crowdsourcing.org/document/coke-steps-up-cocreation-ahead-of-london-2012-olympics-/7436 (Accessed : 4 Mar 2013).
REFERENCES
Smith, B. (2012) ‘The Future of Olympic Architecture Is Portable’, 31 Jul, Mashable. Available at:
http://mashable.com/2012/07/31/olympic-architecture/. (Accessed : 25 Feb 2013).
Waldemeyer, M. (2012) ‘LED carnival costumes for rio olympic handover’, Design Boom, 22 Aug ,
Available at: http://www.designboom.com/design/moritz-waldemeyer-ledcarnival-costumes-for-rio-olympic-handover/ (Accessed : 20 Feb 2013).
Williams, A. (2012) ‘Four Perspectives On Augmented Reality And Its Future’, Tech Crunch, November 25th, Available at: http://techcrunch.com/2012/11/25/5-ways-augmented-reality-isstarting-to-get-real/. (Accessed : 28 Feb 2013)
Wire, J. (2012) ‘Timeline of innovations at Olympics past, present, and future’, Metador Network,
26 July, Available at http://matadornetwork.com/sports/a-timeline-of-innovationsat-olympics-past-present-future/#oMplaMuLqj3rx8kr.99 (Accessed: 20 Feb 2013).
Ybanez, A. (2012) ‘Best augmented reality (AR) apps for Android - Google Glasses’ , Android Authority, 12 Jun, Available at: http://www.androidauthority.com/best-augmented-realityandroid-apps-93950/. (Accessed : 25 Feb 2013).
Young, A. (2012) ‘Best bits: The Olympic legacy for the voluntary sector’, The Guardian, 7 Aug,
Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/voluntary-sectornetwork/2012/aug/07/best-bits-olympic-legacy-volunteering (Accessed : 20 Feb 2013).

INTERVIEWS

THANK
YOU

Interview on the future of Olympics
Edizel, O. (2013) Interview on the future of Olympics. Interviewed by Sophie Dobber, Syibratul Mohd Pauzi, Eunsung Kim,
Woonghee Park [in person] Brunel University, March 7 2013.
Evans, G. (2013) Interview on the future of Olympics. Interviewed by Sophie Dobber, Syibratul Mohd Pauzi, Eunsung Kim,
Woonghee Park [in person] Brunel University, March 7.
Nick, L and Lister, M. (2013) Future of the Olympics. Interviewed by Sami Hmaidan, Eunsung Kim, Vasilius Matoukas,
Woonghi Park [in person] Imano, London, 2 Mar 2013.

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The Future of The Olympics

  • 1. Eunsung Kim Sami Hmaidan Sophie Dobber Syibratul Mohd Pauzi Vasileios Matsoukas Woonghee Park THE FUTURE OF THE OLYMPICS
  • 2. THE BRIEF As part of the Design Futures module of the MA Design Strategy & Innovation program at Brunel University, London THE BRIEF: To create ‘design futures scenarios’ examining of a team’s view of the future on a certain topic or area and the role design will play.
  • 5. OLMP AIM Addressing the Olympic Committee, our aim is to demonstrate future scenarios of the Olympics from a design & innovation perspective and present how it will affect the olympic’s identity, the olympic venues and audience experiences. This will be presented through three intervals: the period until 2016, 2032, then 2060. 2016< FUTURE 2032 2060
  • 6. OLMP SCOPE The scope will cover from the audiences perspective: - olympics identity - olympic venues - audience engagement bidding cities volunteers audiences olympics stakeholders olympic committee athletes sponsors
  • 7. OLYMPICS PRIMARY analysis trends / articles / lectures / guest lecturers SECONDARY RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION TOPIC + SCOPING OB at S St ER ra V tfo AT rd IO , L N: on O IN do lym cr TE n p ea R ic tiv VI W e EW al di : k re D ct ig or it IN /m al Am TE an Ex y T RV ag pe in IE in rt gY W g in : S di re pe Ch ct IN en ct or pr TE g ato at of R rA es V IM IE so W tL AN rG : on O Pl re do am ac n e 20 e B Ev r 12 an an s din /O g zl E em xp Ed ert ize l OLMP METHODOLOGY
  • 9. 2016 EVERYONE IS IN! - sports for all: disabled / young - worldwide event - branded event - hosted in powerful cities (BBC, 2012)
  • 10. 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT - lower waste of money and resources - create opportunities - upgrade cities (British Embassy Tokyo, 2012)
  • 11. 2016 ENTERTAINMENT - worldwide accessibility - technical development - enhanced in-stadium experiences (Erwin, 2013) ((Baumer, 2010)
  • 14. 2032 EMERGING ECONOMIES - recession in the west - emergence of new economies - hosts: new rich countries, BRICs and Arab countries (BBC, 2012)
  • 15. 2032 INCLUSIVENESS - more female participation - participation: gender equality and wider age groups - some games having both genders (Evans, 2013)
  • 16. 2032 EFFICIENT VENUES - swappable / flexible stadiums - LED courts - adapt to: sports & spectatorship (Carey, 2012) (Hatmaker, 2011)
  • 17. 2032 CRADLE TO CRADLE - zero carbon footprint - self efficient - energy surplus to empower surrounding areas (Heizelmann, 2012)
  • 18. 2032 AUGMENTED EXPERIENCES - advanced devices - access to realtime info - personalized e-shopping 17 KM/H 14 KM/H SOPHIE (Madrigal, 2012) (Barwick, 2012)
  • 19. 2032 SPECTATORSHIP - holograms - audience-controlled visual effects - athletes outfits reactive to audience (Baumer, 2012) (Lister, 2013)
  • 20. 2032 MEGA TRENDS SOFT TRENDS gender equality SUMMARY inclusiveness sustainability sponsorship economy aging population Identity higher expectations connectivity technology zero waste Venues internet of things personalization Audiences (Evans, 2013) (Jordan, 2013) higher expectations
  • 22. 2060 GLOBALIZATION - power shifts: nations to brands - brands will organize the the olympics in coordination with nations - brands will make political partnerships with other brands - consumers expressing their values through brands (Boult, 2013) (Jordan, 2013)
  • 23. 2060 ECONOMIC INJECTION - brands will use the games as part of their CSR policy - games to be hosted in developing countries
  • 24. 2060 TRAVELLING VENUES - permanent injection: housing & infrastructure - temporary sport facilities (Galvani, 2007)
  • 25. 2060 AUDIENCES ARE GIVEN THE POWER - power will shift from nations to brands - consumers will have a say in: event decisions / awards AWARDS: PEOPLE’S CHOICE ATHLETES CHOICE: FROM SHORTLISTED CITIES
  • 26. 2060 MEGA TRENDS SOFT TRENDS globalization SUMMARY co-creation economy Identity co-branding brand power fast construction techniques sustainability technology values through brands Venues 3D printed architecture globalization co-creation Audiences
  • 28. TRENDS’ IMPACT ON DESIGN STRATEGY 2032 2060 Nation Based Brand Based CSR, brand based event Sustainable Stadiums Self-sufficiant flexible venues Traveling Venues Passive Spectator Immersed Spectator Decision Maker 2016< Identity Venues Audiences
  • 29. RECOMMENDATIONS to the Olympic Committee Although sponsorship represents a major source of income to the Olympic games, remaining authentic to the Olympics’ essence is really important. Avoid being too commercial. While the game of power will shift with time from nations to brands, a global audience is the one thing that will never change. Therefore, establish direct communication channels as early as possible and engage them.
  • 30. RECOMMENDATIONS to the Olympic Committee With the digital advancement, co-creating with consumers is on the rise. They are eventually becoming decision-makers in many aspects with regards to products and services. Anticipating this trend by giving the olympics’ audiences more power and influence on the games is key to engaging them. Sustainability, inclusiveness, and economic develpment are becoming part of the Olympics’ identity. It is advisable to integrate these more in the regulations for organizing the event.
  • 31. REFERENCES Chapa, J. (2009) ‘Movable Architecture, The Sliding House by dRMM’, Inhabitat, 20th Feb, Available at: http://inhabitat.com/residence-sliding-house-drmm/. (Accessed : 22 Feb 2013). Erdkoenig, A and Siskov, M. (2010) ‘Railway Housing’, Evolvo, 1 Feb. Available at : http://www.evolo.us/architecture/railway-housing/(Accessed : 22 Feb 2013). Erwin, J. (2013) ‘Crowdsourcing, Seven Ways Crowdsourcing is Influencing the World’, Pgi, 10 Jan. Available at: http://blog.pgi.com/2013/01/seven-ways-crowdsourcing-is-influencing-the-world/. (Accessed : 19 Feb 2013). Fast Company. (2009),’The Stadium of the FutureBy Fast Company Staff’, 1 April, Available at: http://www.fastcompany.com/1208965/stadium-future (Accessed : 24 Feb 2013). Galvagni , F.(2007) ‘Shipping and movable containers’, Bldb, 24 Nov. Available at: http://bldgblog.blogspot.co.uk/2007/11/mobile-minimalism_24.html (Accessed : 20 Feb 2013). guy-sports. n.d. Berlin 1936 Olympic Games, Available at: http://www.guysports.com/olympics/olympics_1936_berlin.htm (Accessed: 3 Mar 2013) Hatmaker, T. (2011) ‘LED court lines change the game under your feet’, Yahoo New, 13 Sep, Available at: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/technology-blog/led-court-lineschange-game-under-feet-011111460.html. (Accessed : 20 Feb 2013) Heinzelmann, F. (2012),’Artificial Waterfall Could Make 2016 The Greenest Olympic Games Yet’, The Creator’s Project, March 07, Available at: http://thecreatorsproject.com/blog/artificialwaterfall-could-make-2016-the-greenest-olympic-games-yet (Accessed : 2 Mar). Hi Consumption (2013) ‘LED Court, ASB GlassFloor’, 5 Jan, Available at: http://hiconsumption.com/2013/01/asb-glassfloor-led-sports-court/. (Accessed : 29 Feb 2013). Hill, D. (2012), ‘Though London's Games have yet to leave the starting block, work on Rio's Olympic venues is well under way’, n.d. Available at: http://archrecord.construction.com/features/2012/London-Now/Rio-2016/Rio-2016.asp (Accessed: 23 Feb 2013). Jones, R. (2013), ‘Changing the games’, [Lecture to MA Design & Branding Strategy and MA Design Strategy & Innovation]. 23 Jan. Jordan, P. (2013), 21th Century Supertrends, [Lecture to MA Design & Branding Strategy and MA Design Strategy & Innovation]. 19 Feb
  • 32. REFERENCES Addley, E. (2012) ‘London 2012: army of volunteer Olympic Games Makers stands down’, The Guardian, 10 September [Online]. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/sep/10/london-2012-olympic-games-makers (Accessed: 3 Mar 2013). Barford, V. (2012) ‘London 2012: The great Olympics sponsorship bandwagon.’, BBC News Magazine, 13 July, Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18182541 (Accessed: 10 Mar 2013) Barwick, H. (2012) ‘Holograms may appear at future Olympics.’ Available: http://www.cio.com.au/article/433257/holograms_may_appear_future_olympics_report/. (Accessed 11 March 2013). Baumer, K. (2010) ‘14 Innovations That Will Make Sports Stadiums Of The Future Unrecognizable’, Business Insider, 9 Mar. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/sports-stadiumsinnovations-2010-11?op=1 (Accessed : 23 Feb 2013). Bellerby, K. (2012) ‘An Olympic Volunteer’s Story’, La crème Magazine, 18 Aug, Available at: http://www.lacrememagazine.co.uk/2012/08/an-olympic-volunteers-story/. (Accessed : 4 Mar 2013). BBC (2012) Timeline: Olympic Powers. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/medals/olympic-powers (Accessed: 10 Mar 2013) BBC news UK (2012) ‘London 2012: Olympic Games ‘greenest ever’’, 11 August, Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19220847 (Accessed: 1 Mar 2013) Booth, R. and Gibson, O. (2012) ‘London 2012 Olympics empty seats row: Locog calls in the army (again)’, the guardian. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jul/29/olympicsempty-seats-locog-army (Accessed: 10 Mar 2013) British Embassy Tokyo (2012) London 2012 and Sustainability – the first ‘green’ Games., Available at: http://ukinjapan.fco.gov.uk/en/visiting-the-uk/london-2012-olympics/sustainability/ (Accessed: 2 Mar 2013) Carey, B. (2012) ‘Change of Venue’, Popsi, 21 Aug. Available at: http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-07/change-venue (Accessed : 5 Mar 2013).
  • 33. REFERENCES Madrigal, A. (2012) ‘The World Is Not Enough: Google and the Future of Augmented Reality’, the Atlantic, 25th Oct, Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/theworld-is-not-enough-google-and-the-future-of-augmented-reality/264059/. (Accessed : 26 Feb 2013). Manchester City Council (2011) Event Volunteers. Available at: http://www.mev.org.uk/ (Accessed: 26 Feb 2013). Manfred, T. (2012) ‘Abandoned Venues From The 2004 Athens Olympics’, 20 Aug, Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/2004-athens-olympics-venuesabandoned-today-photos-2012-8?op=1w (Accessed: 3 Mar 2013) Maurrasse, D. (2012) ‘Rio 2016 Olympics: Another Reason to Watch Brazil’s Rise’,24 Aug. Available at: http://rio2016.com/enhttp://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/08/24/rio-2016-olympics-another-reason -to-watch-brazils-rise/. (Accessed : 27 Feb 2013) Mohan, J. (2012) ‘Will Olympic volunteering have an enduring impact?’, The Guardian, 28 Aug [Online]. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/voluntary-sectornetwork/2012/aug/28/olympic-volunteering-enduring-impact (Accessed : 4 Mar 2013). Olympist (2010) Commercialization of the Olympic Games, Available at: http://www.olympist.org/summer-olympichistory/commercialization-of-the-olympic-games.html (Accessed: 10 Mar 2013) Paleo-Future (2008) Mechanized Stadium of the Future (1958). Available: http://paleofuture.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/mechanized-stadium-of-future-1958.html. (Accessed 1 March 2013). Pitts, As.and Liao H. (2009) Sustainable Olympic Design and Urban Developmen, 1st edn. Routledge. Qualcomm (2012) Top 7 Olympic Tech Innovations. Available: http://spark.qualcomm.com/blog/top-7-olympic-tech-innovations. (Accessed 11 March 2013). Shields, R. (2011) ‘Coke Steps Up Co-Creation Ahead of London2012 Olympics’, 21 Oct, Crowdsourcing Org, Available at: http://www.crowdsourcing.org/document/coke-steps-up-cocreation-ahead-of-london-2012-olympics-/7436 (Accessed : 4 Mar 2013).
  • 34. REFERENCES Smith, B. (2012) ‘The Future of Olympic Architecture Is Portable’, 31 Jul, Mashable. Available at: http://mashable.com/2012/07/31/olympic-architecture/. (Accessed : 25 Feb 2013). Waldemeyer, M. (2012) ‘LED carnival costumes for rio olympic handover’, Design Boom, 22 Aug , Available at: http://www.designboom.com/design/moritz-waldemeyer-ledcarnival-costumes-for-rio-olympic-handover/ (Accessed : 20 Feb 2013). Williams, A. (2012) ‘Four Perspectives On Augmented Reality And Its Future’, Tech Crunch, November 25th, Available at: http://techcrunch.com/2012/11/25/5-ways-augmented-reality-isstarting-to-get-real/. (Accessed : 28 Feb 2013) Wire, J. (2012) ‘Timeline of innovations at Olympics past, present, and future’, Metador Network, 26 July, Available at http://matadornetwork.com/sports/a-timeline-of-innovationsat-olympics-past-present-future/#oMplaMuLqj3rx8kr.99 (Accessed: 20 Feb 2013). Ybanez, A. (2012) ‘Best augmented reality (AR) apps for Android - Google Glasses’ , Android Authority, 12 Jun, Available at: http://www.androidauthority.com/best-augmented-realityandroid-apps-93950/. (Accessed : 25 Feb 2013). Young, A. (2012) ‘Best bits: The Olympic legacy for the voluntary sector’, The Guardian, 7 Aug, Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/voluntary-sectornetwork/2012/aug/07/best-bits-olympic-legacy-volunteering (Accessed : 20 Feb 2013). INTERVIEWS THANK YOU Interview on the future of Olympics Edizel, O. (2013) Interview on the future of Olympics. Interviewed by Sophie Dobber, Syibratul Mohd Pauzi, Eunsung Kim, Woonghee Park [in person] Brunel University, March 7 2013. Evans, G. (2013) Interview on the future of Olympics. Interviewed by Sophie Dobber, Syibratul Mohd Pauzi, Eunsung Kim, Woonghee Park [in person] Brunel University, March 7. Nick, L and Lister, M. (2013) Future of the Olympics. Interviewed by Sami Hmaidan, Eunsung Kim, Vasilius Matoukas, Woonghi Park [in person] Imano, London, 2 Mar 2013.