8. Navigational Landmarks for Church History NAVIGATIONAL LANDMARKS HOW TO: KINGDOM OF MAN KINGDOM OF GOD EPISTEMOLOGY KNOW TRUTH REASON FAITH COSMOLOGY RULE THE EARTH EVOLUTION CREATION SOTERIOLOGY SAVE MAN HUMANISM EVANGELISM
31. Apologetical and Polemical Fathers 125-250 AD Apologetical Fathers Polemical Fathers Generally = new converts from paganism Generally = more extensive background in Christianity Tended to address pagans and rulers focusing more on a reasoned response to pagan objections to Christianity in the hope of gaining tolerance Addressed more to heretics with a focus on condemning heretical “Christian” teachings by deviant groups More concerned with persecution Less and less concerned with persecution as time passed; more concerned with heresy Emphasized OT Increasing appeal made to authority of NT
47. Position Chief Proponent Distinguishing Belief Arian Arius Jesus of a different ( heteros ) substance ( ousios ) than Father Semi-Arian Eusebius of Caesarea Jesus of a similar substance ( homoiousios ) as the Father Orthodox Athanasius Jesus of same substance ( homoousios ) as the Father
59. When Giants Walked the Land Jerome Augustine ● Hippo Rome ● ● Milan Ambrose John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nyssa Athanasius ● Alexandria Gregory of Nazianzus Martin of Tours
65. When Giants Walked the Land Jerome Augustine ● Hippo Rome ● ● Milan Ambrose John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nyssa Athanasius ● Alexandria Gregory of Nazianzus Martin of Tours
132. The Late Medieval Papacy Boniface VIII (1294-1303) Benedict XI (1303-4) Beginning of the Avignon Papacy Clement V (1305-14) John XXII (1316-34) Benedict XII (1334-42) Clement VI (1342-52) Innocent VI (1352-62) Urban V (1362-70) Gregory XI (1370-78) The Papal Schism Roman Popes Pisan Popes Avignon Popes Urban VI (1378-89) Clement VII (1378-94) Boniface IX (1389-1404) Innocent VII (1404-6) Alexander V (1409-10) Gregory XII (1406-15) John XXIII (1410-15) Benedict XIII (1394-1423) COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE REUNITES PAPACY (1415-1417) The Renaissance Papacy Martin V (1417-31) through Leo X (1513-21)
198. TOPIC LUTHER CALVIN Lord’s Supper Consubstantiation – actual bodily presence of Christ in the elements Spiritual Presence – elements serve as a sign of the presence of Christ Baptism Infant baptism practiced – immersion preferred but seldom practiced Infant baptism practiced – immersion preferred but seldom practiced Worship Retained RC forms unless the Bible strictly forbid them. Promoted congregational hymn singing. Preaching was central. Worship forms permitted only if they were found in the Bible. Congregational singing had to be Psalms. Preaching was central. Church & State State has extensive powers over Church. Head of state is head of Church. State must submit to the Church which has extensive powers over everyone. Occupation Professor who was a popular preacher Preacher who became a popular professor Theology Augustinian, stressing justification of sinners by faith alone in Christ alone. Predestination to salvation and damnation. Augustinian, emphasizing the sovereignty and glory of God. Predestination to salvation and damnation. Bible Translator Bible translated for the sake of the common man into German Bible translated for the sake of the common man into French