Crafted Design - ITAKE 2014
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(IMPROVED VERSION FROM GEECON) How can we quickly tell what an application is about? How can we quickly tell what it does? How can we distinguish business concepts from architecture clutter? How can we quickly find the code we want to change? How can we instinctively know where to add code for new features? Purely looking at unit tests is either not possible or too painful. Looking at higher-level tests can take a long time and still not give us the answers we need. For years, we have all struggled to design and structure projects that reflect the business domain. In this talk Sandro will be sharing how he designed the last application he worked on, twisting a few concepts from Domain-Driven Design, properly applying MVC, borrowing concepts from CQRS, and structuring packages in non-conventional ways. Sandro will also be touching on SOLID principles, Agile incremental design, modularisation, and testing. By iteratively modifying the project structure to better model the application requirements, he has come up with a design style that helps developers create maintainable and domain-oriented software.
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Crafted Design - ITAKE 2014
- 3. What is this application about? What are the main concepts? What does this application do? What are the main features? Where do I need to change? Where do I put a new feature?
- 4. Looking from above, I can’t see what the application does or is about Architectural and design concepts mixed with domain Badly structured packages/namespaces I don’t know where to start Classes and methods are too low level
- 9. MVC & MVC Variations • MVC (Smalltalk 76/80) • MVC (general concept – 1988) • Three-Tier Architecture (Presentation, Logic, Data) • MVC (Model 1/Model 2) • Model View Adapter (MVA) • Model View Presenter (MVP) • Model View ViewModel (MVVM) • Presentation-Abstraction-Control (PAC) • ….
- 11. MVC & MVC Variations They are all right. And they are wrong. It all depends on the ‘V’iew.
- 12. Views impact MVC structure Depending on the view technology, Views and Controllers responsibility becomes more/less coupled or blurred. Web applications Single-page AJAX applications with stateless backend Console-based applications Desktop applications Games Mobile / tablets External systems (talking via Queues / Webservices) However, the model should remain unchanged.
- 13. MVC – A Macro Organisational Pattern Model V C M Delivery Mechanism
- 14. “Model” is overloaded and confusing Model (M in MVC) Domain Model (DDD) View Model Data Model Entities & Active Record and other artificial definitions from MVC frameworks Associated with the persistence mechanism?
- 15. M => Domain Model (DDD) Domain Model combines state and behaviour, with more focus on the latter. DDD define a few building blocks to your domain: Entities Value Objects Factories Repositories Services Application Domain Infrastructure Aggregates
- 16. << Web app >> Embedded Domain Model Model V C DM Delivery Mechanism Infrastructure Infrastructure DB Queue
- 17. Deployable Domain Model Delivery Mechanisms << external system >> << mobile app >> DB << deployable app >> Model Infrastructure DM<<W/S>> <<W/S>>
- 18. Event-Driven Domain Model Delivery Mechanisms DB Queue << external app 2 >> << external app 1 >> << deployable app >> Model Infrastructure DMQueue <<event 1>> <<event 2>>
- 19. Domain Model building blocks & responsibilities A = Action, DS = Domain Service, S = Infra. Service, R = Repository Model A 1 R 3 DS 1 DS 3 R 1 S Infrastructure Impl DM DS 2 Impl A 2 << web app >>
- 20. Behaviour: Action, Domain Service or Entity? Domain Service Entity Action Defines the action our domain model will be asked to perform. Behaviour related to multiple instances of the same entity or different entities. Behaviour that doesn’t fit any specific entity. Behaviour related to the data of a single instance of an entity
- 21. Repositories (not DAOs) Model <<repository>> Library <<repository>> Users Infrastructure <<Mongo>> Books Domain Model <<Oracle>> Users “A Repository represents all objects of a certain type as a conceptual set. It acts like a collection, except with more elaborate querying capability.” ~ Eric Evans
- 22. An example would be good… Order Service Orders <<interface>> Card Processor Payment ValidatorMake Payment User Account Service Usersvalid account? Payment Gatewaypay has prime account? process card validate store order Action Domain Service Infra. Service Repository Class <<interface>> Email Sender email confirmation
- 23. Class responsibility C A DS R cl Input Output End of code branch Produces the output End of flow First to handle input Start of the flow Execution Flow Closer to the input: Control flow, higher level abstraction, detailed work is delegated (e.g. ProcessTrade (A), MakePayment (A)) — More suitable for Outside-In TDD (mockist). Closer to the output / end of branch: Specific and detailed behaviour, no delegation, lower level abstraction (e.g. Parse XML (Parser), Create User (Repository)) Domain Model entry point Domain Concept entry point
- 24. Domain Model collaborations guideline C1 A 1 A 2 DS 1 DS 4 DS 3 R 4 R 1 cl cl cl cl C = Controller, A = Action, DS = Domain Service, R = Repository, cl = class DS 2 X A 3 R 5XC2 Except for read model X
- 25. Command & Query Actions << web app >> Model R DS <<Write Model>> A Model <<Read Model>> A R DB DB Queue <<domain events>>
- 26. So, how does the app structure look like?
- 27. Web project responsibility Control flow (invoke actions) JSON / XML parsers or converters View Models, validators, etc Static files Delivery Mechanism: Defines the user journey
- 28. Core responsibility (simple project) Tells what the system is about Tells what the system does
- 29. Core responsibility (bigger project) Epic / Theme Epic / Theme Epic / Theme Related domain concepts
- 30. What is inside model packages? Aggregate root (entity) Repository Entity (part of Book aggregate) Domain Service Value Object (part of Book aggregate) Part of aggregate behaviour Repository Value Object (part of User aggregate) Aggregate root (entity) Domain Service
- 31. What is inside infrastructure? Interfaces defined by the domain. Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) CreditCardProcessor implementations Repository implementations
- 32. Defining testing strategies and boundaries • Unit • Integration • Acceptance • Journey • Black box • Component • System • Functional • Alpha • Beta • Conformance • … Types of tests
- 33. Testing strategies: User Journey Model A 1 DM A 2 << web app >> A 1 A 2 Tests the journey a user will have to do something useful in the system Application is tested as a black box normally using a BDD framework Actions are faked. We just want to know if the application presents the user with the correct journey Designed according to User Stories and Features <<fake>> <<fake>>
- 34. Infrastructure Impl Testing strategies: Acceptance (Action / Behavioural) A DS 1 <<mock>> RDS 2 R Tests a behaviour (action) provided by the system Action is the entry point and all external dependencies are stubbed Domain Model Normally tested using a BDD framework
- 35. Testing strategies: Integration Tests the classes at the system boundaries Infrastructure Impl A DS 1 <<mock>> RDS 2 R Domain Model Normally done using an in- memory Database using a unit testing framework
- 36. Testing strategies: Unit (Class level) Unit test at class/method level Infrastructure Impl A DS 1 RRDS 2 Domain Model DS 1 DS 2 All collaborators are mocked / stubbed (spies)
- 37. Testing strategies: End-to-End Model A 1 R 3 DS 1 DS 3 R 1 S Infrastructure Impl DM DS 2 Impl A 2 << web app >> Full application deployed Uses BDD framework, accessing a testing database and fake external dependencies Very few tests at this level, just to make sure application is wired properly
- 38. Interaction-Driven Design – IDD (Outside-In design) C A DS R cl Input Output Execution Flow Starting from the action, model the expected behaviour (outside-in) Entities (data structures) will emerge in order to satisfy the behaviour Focus is on the behaviour of the system and not on how data is stored/related Design Flow
- 39. Answering the two original questions What is the application about? (main concepts) What does the application do? (main features) Expressed by nouns Expressed by verbs (Actions)
Editor's Notes
- Disclaimer This is still a work in progress
- For years I’ve been trying to find ways to, while looking from above, answer the following questions:
- Looking from above: controllers, repositories, managers, services, etc. Layers vs. domain? How do they fit together? How many of you are happy with your package structure?
- Confusing. I have no idea what this application is about or what it does. What does this application do? What is it about?
- Gives me some information on what the application is about but not what it does. Loads of duplication Very poluted Books and Users. Cool, but what does this application do?
- Once again, gives me no information on what the application is about or what it does. But I know it is a web app though. Sigh. Awesome. It’s a web application. So?
- So, how do I solve the problem? How do I answer the questions? But first things first… Before getting into how I’m organising/structuring my code, we need some background to justify my decisions
- It was only later, in a 1988 article in Glenn E. Krasner and Stephen T. Pope that MVC was expressed as general concept, in the The Journal of Object Technology
- Anaemic Domain: Model is only composed by entities and data representation Fat Controllers: Without a place to put business logic, the logic is put on the controllers
- They are all wrong, but they are all right. It all depends on the view.
- What should we have in the model? What is model?
- Domain Model embedded in a Web Application V/C belong to the application (main)
- Domain Model wrapped in a deployable application Expose a W/S for mobile apps / Web apps / External Systems This is similar to Hexagonal Architecture (Ports & Adapters belong to Infrastructure) Mobile app could have the V/C
- Event-Driven application
- - Actions are the entry point to the domain model (control flow delegating to Domain Services) - Actions can use factories to create domain objects according to the input (normally not in the domain format) - Domain Services are the entry point to a domain concept. Repositories are helpers to the Domain Service and should not be exposed.
- - I name repositories using the plural (collection) of the domain concept they represent (Users, Books) Repository vs. DAO (Former behaves as a collection. Latter is a pattern to access data) Data Access Object (DAO) is a commonly used pattern to persist entities (data) into a database. (CRUD)
- Classes closer to the output are more suitable for Classic TDD, unless they are close to the boundaries (that need to be mocked in both TDD styles)
- Controller can talk to one or more than one action UC can talk to one or more DS or classes DS can talk to other DS or Infra Service Repositories are never exposed. Just accessed by its own DS. Exception is on Read Model
- - Write model throws domain events Query model listens to domain events and populate “read” DB Query UC return data according to the application needs (Report, Complex Screen with denormalised data, etc) Command Actions go though the domain model, delegating to domain services Query Actions may go to a read model instead, querying with joins returning VOs that are specific to the UI. No need to organise them in different packages (using command & query as names)
- Controllers talk the Actions Controllers should be thin, invoking an action, and choosing the view to be displayed (maybe creating page objects or converting to JSON?) web: View (page objects) Web: Infrastructure (JSON / XML parsers or converters)
- Controllers talk the Actions Controllers should be thin, invoking an action, and choosing the view to be displayed (maybe creating page objects or converting to JSON?) web: View (page objects) Web: Infrastructure (JSON / XML parsers or converters)
- In a simple project (CRUD), action may be as simple as Insert, Delete, Update User Not all action se cases have a direct correlation to entities (AddBookToWishList)
- MakePayment UC does not need to have a related Entity, neither FindRecommendations. MakePayment may sent information out to a different system FindRecommendations may return a list of products (after a very complicated logic, taking to consideration user attributes and buying patterns)
- Many of the DDD building blocks
- Decouples the architectural decisions and layers from the domain model.
- First, discuss with your team and define the scope of each test Then, chose a name for each scope
- Mocking the backend makes these tests run really fast and predictable. Easy to setup
- Tests multiple classes together. External dependencies are stubbed
- Tests multiple classes together. External dependencies are stubbed
- Tests multiple classes together. External dependencies are stubbed
- Unit (class / method level) Acceptance (through action, in-memory/mocked DB/infrastructure) Integration (via the boundaries, in-memory DB) User Journey (Via the UI – mocking action) End-to-end (black box, very few, just sunny day scenario) The closer to the input a class is, the more flow control and delegation it does. The closer to the output a class is, the more specific and less delegation it does.
- A class API (public interface) should be designed from the client’s perspective. Doing otherwise leads to over-engineering and YAGNI – You Ain’t Gonna Need It Businesses are not interested in how data is stored or related. They are interested in the behaviour of the software.