8. Central Venous Pressure
Venous pressure is a term that represents the average
blood pressure within the venous compartment.
The term "central venous pressure" (CVP) describes
the pressure in the thoracic vena cava near the right
atrium
therefore CVP and right atrial pressure are essentially the
same
9. Central Venous Pressure
CVP is a major determinant of the filling pressure and
therefore the preload of the right ventricle, which
regulates stroke volume
13. CVP monitoring
In CVP monitoring, a catheter is inserted
through a vein and advanced until its tip lies in
or near the right atrium
Because no major valves lie at the junction of
the vena cava and right atrium, pressure at
end diastole reflects back to the catheter
14. CVP monitoring
When connected to a manometer, the catheter
measures central venous pressure (CVP), an index of
right ventricular function
CVP monitoring helps to assess cardiac function, to
evaluate venous return to the heart, and to indirectly
gauge how well the heart is pumping
15. The phlebostatic axis is the reference point for zeroing
the hemodynamic monitoring device. This reference
point is important because it helps to ensure the
accuracy of the various pressure readings.
4th intercostal space, mid-axillary line
Level of the atria
20. CVP waves
Waveform Phase of cardiac
cycle
Mechanism
a wave End diastole Atrial contraction
c wave Early systole Isometric ventricular contraction;
Tricuspid motion towards RA
x descent Mid systole Atrial relaxation; descent of base
v wave Late systole Systolic filling of atrium
y descent Early diastole Early ventricular filling
h wave Mid- to late diastole Diastolic plateau
23. CVP abnormalities
Condition Characteristics
Atrial fibrillation Loss of a wave
Prominent c wave
AV dissociation Cannon a wave
Tricuspid regurgitation Tall systolic c-v wave
Loss of x descent
Tricuspid stenosis Tall a wave
Attenuation of y descent
Pericardial constriction Tall a and v waves; Steep x and y descents M
or W configuration
Cardiac tamponade Dominant x descent
Attenuated y descent
Respiratory variations Measure pressure at end-expiration
24. CVP – Atrial fibrillation
absence of the a wave
prominent c wave
preserved v wave and y
descent
25. CVP – AV dissociation
Early systolic Cannon a
wave
Retrograde conduction of the nodal impulse throughout the atrium
causes atrial contraction to occur during ventricular systole while the
tricuspid valve is closed
26. CVP – Tricuspid regurgitation
Tall systolic c-v wave
Loss of x descent
In this example, the a wave is not seen because of atrial fibrillation
27. CVP – Tricuspid stenosis
End-diastolic a wave is
prominent
Diastolic y descent is
attenuated
Tricuspid stenosis increases mean CVP
28. CVP & Intrathoracic pressure
CVP measurement is influenced by
changes in intrathoracic pressure.
It fluctuates with respiration.
Decreases in spontaneous
inspiration.
Increases in positive pressure
ventilation.
29. CVP & Intrathoracic pressure
CVP should be taken at the end expiration.
PEEP applied to the airway at the end of exhalation,
may be partially transmitted to the intrathoracic
structures ► measured CVP will be higher.
33. PA catheterisation
The pulmonary artery (PA) catheter (or Swan- Ganz
catheter) was introduced into routine practice in
operating rooms and intensive care units in the 1970s
The catheter provides measurements of both CO and
PA occlusion pressures and was used to guide
hemodynamic therapy, especially when patients
became unstable
34. PA catheterisation
The pulmonary artery (PA) catheter (or Swan- Ganz
catheter) was introduced into routine practice in
operating rooms and intensive care units in the 1970s
The catheter provides measurements of both CO and
PA occlusion pressures and was used to guide
hemodynamic therapy, especially when patients
became unstable
Perioperative intensive care; Cardiac anesthesia
36. PA catheter
PA catheter can be used to
guide goal-directed
hemodynamic therapy to
ensure organ perfusion in
shock states
7 - 9 FR catheter
4 lumens
110-cm long
Polyvinylchloride body
37.
38. Pressure guidance is used to ascertain the localization of
the PA catheter in the venous circulation and the heart
Upon entry into the right atrium, the central venous pressure
tracing is noted
39. Passing through the tricuspid valve right ventricular
pressures are detected
Higher systolic pressure than
seen in the right atrium,
although the end-diastolic
pressures are equal
40. At 35 to 50 cm depending upon patient size, the catheter will
pass from the right ventricle through the pulmonic valve into
the pulmonary artery
A diastolic step-up compared
with ventricular pressure
41. When indicated the balloon- tipped catheter will wedge or
occlude a pulmonary artery branch.
Similar morphology to right atrial pressure, although the a-c and v
waves appear later in the cardiac cycle relative to ECG
42. PA pressure equilibrates with that of the left atrium which,
barring any mitral valve pathology, should be a reflection of
left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
43. From a right internal jugular vein puncture site, the right atrium
should be reached when the PAC is inserted 20 to 25 cm, the right
ventricle at 30 to 35 cm, the pulmonary artery at 40 to 45 cm, and the
wedge position at 45 to 55 cm.
45. 0
120
PAWP a-c and v waves appear to occur later in the cardiac cycle
compared with CVP trace
46. PA catheter: Uses
There is no consensus on standards for PA catheter
use
PA catheters should only be used when a specific
clinical question regarding a patient’s hemodynamic
status can not be satisfactorily investigated by clinical
or noninvasive assessments
…. when the clinician is in need of knowing an in-depth
and continuous assessment of hemodynamics in order
to properly guide changes in the management of a
patient
47. PA catheter: Measurements
Parameter Normal range Relevance
CVP 0-6mmHg Volume status & RV function;
correlates with RVEDP
RVP 20-30 / 0-6mmHg RV function and volume
PAP 20-30 / 6-10 mmHg State of PVR and RV function
PAWP 4-12mmHg LV function; correlates with LVEDP
Stroke vol. 60-80ml
SV index 33-47ml/beat/m2 SV adjusted to body surface area
(BSA)
48. PA catheter: Measurements
Parameter Normal range
Cardiac Output 4 – 8 L/min
Cardiac Index 2.5 – 4 L/min/m2
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance 20-120 dynes/sec/cm5
Systemic Vascular Resistance 750-1500 dynes/sec/cm5
RV stroke work
LV stroke work
SvO2 (Mixed Venous O2
saturation)
60 -75%