about nobel prize given in 2013-2015

1. Nobel prize in
medicine/physiology 2013-2015
Dr. Khushbu S. Soni
3rd year resident
Biochemistry

2.  The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards presented
in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees
in recognition of academic, cultural and/or scientific advances.
 The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the
prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace,
Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901.

3. Nobel prize in medicine 2013
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 was awarded
jointly to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas
C. Südhof ,
• "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a
major transport system in our cells".

4. James E. Rothman
Born: 3 November 1950, Haverhill, MA, USA
Affiliation at the time of the award: Yale University, New
Haven, CT, USA
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries of machinery
regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our
cells"
Field: biochemistry, cell physiology
Prize share: 1/3

5. Mapping of the Cell's Transport System
 The cells inside our bodies produce a host of different molecules that are
sent to specific sites. During transport, many of these molecules are
grouped together in tiny sac-like structures called vesicles.
 These vesicles help transport substances to different places inside the
cell and send molecules from the cell's surface as signals to other cells in
the body.
 During the 1980s and 1990s, James Rothman showed how vesicles fuse
with specific surfaces in the cell so that transports arrive at the correct
destination.

6. Randy W. Schekman
Born: 30 December 1948, St. Paul, MN, USA
Affiliation at the time of the award: University of
California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries of machinery
regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our
cells"
Field: cell physiology, genetics
Prize share: 1/3

7. Mapping of the Cell's Transport System
During the 1970s, Randy Schekman studied yeast
cells with malfunctions in this transportation system.
He demonstrated that the malfunctions were due to
genetic defects and explained how different genes
regulate different aspects of the transports.

8. Thomas C. Südhof
Born: 22 December 1955, Göttingen, Germany
Affiliation at the time of the award: Stanford
University, Stanford, CA, USA, Howard Hughes
Medical Institute
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries of machinery
regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in
our cells"
Field: cell physiology, neurophysiology
Prize share: 1/3

9. Mapping of the Cell's Transport System
 By studying brain cells from mice, in the 1990s Thomas Südhof
demonstrated how vesicles are held in place, ready to release
signal-bearing molecules at the right moment.

10. Nobel prize in medicine 2014
 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 was
divided, one half awarded to John O'Keefe, the other half
jointly to May-Britt Moser and Edward I. Moser,
 "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning
system in the brain".

11. John O'Keefe
Born: 18 November 1939, New York, NY, USA
Affiliation at the time of the award:
University College, London, United Kingdom
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries of cells
that constitute a positioning system in the
brain"
Field: physiology, spatial behavior
Prize share: 1/2

12. Discovered the Brain's Positioning System
 The awareness of one's location and how to find the way to other
places is crucial for both humans and animals.
 To understand the ability to orient ourselves in space, John O'Keefe
studied the movements of rats and signals from nerve cells in the
hippocampus, an area located in the center of the brain.
 In 1971 he discovered that when a rat was at a certain location in a
room, certain cells were activated, and that when the rat moved to
another location, other cells became activated. That is to say, the
cells form a kind of internal map of the room.

13. May-Britt Moser
Born: 4 January 1963, Fosnavåg, Norway
Affiliation at the time of the award:
Norwegian University of Science and
Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries of cells
that constitute a positioning system in the
brain"
Field: physiology, spatial behavior
Prize share: 1/4

14. Discovered the Brain's Positioning System
 In 2005 May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser
discovered a type of cell that is important for
determining position close to the hippocampus, an
area located in the center of the brain.
 They found that when a rat passed certain points
arranged in a hexagonal grid in space, nerve cells
that form a kind of coordinate system for navigation
were activated.
 They then went on to demonstrate how these
different cell types cooperate.

15. Edward I. Moser
Born: 27 April 1962, Ålesund, Norway
Affiliation at the time of the award:
Norwegian University of Science and
Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries of
cells that constitute a positioning system in the
brain"
Field: physiology, spatial behavior
Prize share: 1/4

16. Nobel prize in medicine 2015
 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 was divided,
one half jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura,
 "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against
infections caused by roundworm parasites" and
 The other half to Youyou Tu "for her discoveries concerning
a novel therapy against Malaria".

17. William C. Campbell
Born: 1930, Ramelton, Ireland
Affiliation at the time of the award: Drew University, Madison,
NJ, USA
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning a novel
therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
Prize share: ¼

18. William Campbell made the discovery that larval worms can survive
freezing at -321 F in liquid nitrogen , this discovery replaced the
cumbersome process of constant slaughtering of infected animal to
get worms each time.
He also contributed to the discovery of the avermectins.

19. Satoshi Ōmura
Born: 1935, Yamanashi prefektur, Japan
Affiliation at the time of the award: Kitasato University, Tokyo,
Japan
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy
against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
Prize share: 1/4

20. Youyou Tu
Born: 1930, Zhejiang Ningpo, China
Affiliation at the time of the award: China Academy of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Prize motivation: "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy
against Malaria"
Prize share: 1/2

21.  Tu Youyou has been awarded a share of the 2015 Nobel
Prize for medicine or physiology for her discovery of
artemisinin.
 She shared the prize with William C. Campbell and Satoshi
Ōmura, whose work led to the development of ivermectin,
an important treatment for roundworm parasite diseases.

22.  She and three assistants reviewed more than 2000 recipes for
traditional Chinese remedies in the academy’s library. They made
380 herbal extracts and tested them on mice.
 One of the compounds did indeed reduce the number of malaria
parasites in the blood. It was derived from sweet wormwood
(Artemisia annua), a plant common throughout China, which was
used in a treatment for “intermittent fevers” – a hallmark of malaria.

23. “The drug was found in an 1600-year-old
recipe titled ‘Emergency Prescriptions Kept
Up One’s Sleeve’”
The directions were to soak one bunch of
wormwood in water and then drink the
juice.

24.  Tu realized that their method of preparation, boiling up the
wormwood, might have damaged the active ingredient.
 So she made another preparation using an ether solvent, which boils
at 35 °C. When tested on mice and monkeys, it proved 100 per cent
effective.

25.  In the past decade the first resistance to artemisinin has emerged,
in Cambodia. The drug still works but it takes longer, typically four
days instead of two.
 To stop resistance from spreading further doctors now only use
artemisinin in combination with another antimalarial; it is harder for
the parasite to evolve resistance to two drugs simultaneously.