The topic gives a brief insight into the working and infrastructure of the Smart Meters and the networking protocols.

1. Smart Metering System
Presented by-
Satabdy Jena
Mtech (Power & Energy Systems)
T14EE003
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Meghalaya
SEMINAR
DATE :07/12/2015

2. 2/21/2016 2

3. 1.Introduction
Traditionally power measurement by electromechanical meters, reactive energy meters, maximum
demand meters, dominated before 1970.
2/21/2016 3
Fig.1. Traditional Energy Meters

4. between 1970 and 2000, automated meter reading was added to electronic meter.
However it could provide only one-communication.
Limitation was overcome by smart meter.
Not until the Smart Grid initiatives were established were these meters and systems referred to as
―Smart Meters and Smart Meter Systems.
Hence, the present state of these technologies should be more appropriately referred to as ―an
evolution, not a revolution.
2/21/2016
4
Fig.2. Smart Energy Meters
Fig.3. Evolution of smart meters

5. 2.Definition
 An electronic device that records consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less and
communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing.
 enable two-way communication
 Theodore George “Ted” Paraskevakos(1972)-sensor monitoring system.
 1977, launched Metretek,Inc.-remote meter reading and load management system, IBM series 1 mini-
computer.
2/21/2016 5
Fig.4. Smart meter functional block diagram

6. 3.Smart Metering Infrastructure
 A smart metering system is built with smart meters, control devices and a communication link
 Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is an integrated system of smart meters,
communications networks, and data management systems that enables two-way communication
between utilities and customers.
2/21/2016 6
Fig.5. AMI
Fig.6. Smart metering Infrastructure

7. The hardware structure of the smart meter consists of
Voltage and current sensing unit
Power supply
Energy measurement unit (metering IC)
Microcontroller
Real time cock
Communicating system.
2/21/2016 7
Fig.7. Components of Smart meter

8. (a)Voltage sensing unit
Simple resistor dividers are used as voltage sensors.
AC mains voltage is divided down to fit the input range of ADC of energy measurement chip.
where, 𝑉𝑜 is the output voltage & 𝑉𝑖𝑛 is the input voltage.
2/21/2016 8
R1
R2
To ADC
Vin
𝑉𝑜 =
𝑅2
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛
Fig.8. Voltage sensing unit

9. (b)Current sensing unit
Four types of
sensors are
widely used:
Hall effect
based linear
current sensors
Current
transformers
Shunt resistor
Rogowski coils
2/21/2016 9
• Consist of current sensors and anti-aliasing filters.
Fig.9. Current sensors

10. (c)Power supply
 consists of step-down transformers, rectifiers, AC-DC converters,DC–DC converters and
regulators.
 Energy measurement chip designers provide their own reference power supply schematics.
2/21/2016 10
Fig.10. STPM10
Fig.11. Typical power supply unit for smart meter

11. (d)Energy measurement unit
Signal conditioning, ADC, and computation are done inside the energy measurement unit.
Modern energy measurement chips have digital signal processor (DSP) to perform signal conditioning, ADC
and energy calculations.
They provide active, reactive, and apparent energy information as data or frequency (pulse) output. RMS
voltage measurement, RMS current measurement, frequency, temperature measurement, tampering detection,
power management, THD, line SAG detection and communication are also possible in some of them.
2/21/2016 11
(e)Microcontroller
Communication with the energy measurement chip
Calculations based on the data received
Display electrical parameters, tariff and cost of electricity
Smartcard reading
Tamper detection
Data management with EEPROM
Communication with other communication devices
Power management.

12. (f)Real time clock
an essential hardware component in all smart meters which keeps track of the current time.
It provides time and date information and alarm signals.
Some energy measurement chips have a built-in real time clock device. For an example ADE5166
has a built-in real time clock (RTC) which communicates with the internal MCU.
2/21/2016 12
(g)Smart meter communication
• As traffic generator assigned with a global IPv6 address
receives demand response data from the collector
Smart meter
• Responsibility of relaying packets
• Determines the next ‘hop’
Router
• Serves interconnection between NAN & WAN
• Aggregates all meter reading
Collector

13. Classification of smart meter communication systems
Smart meter systems
As defined by their LAN
Radio frequency
Transmitted by wireless radio
Mesh technology
Talk to each other to form a LAN cloud to a collector
Point-to-point
technology
Talk directly to the data collector
Power line carrier
Transmission of data across the utility power lines
2/21/2016 13

14.  AMI can consist with a HAN, a Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and a WAN.
 HAN is used to establish a communication link between the smart meter and the smart
appliances, other meters, in-home display, and the micro generation unit.
 Zig-bee, Z-wave, Wi-Fi, and power line communication (PLC) are widely used protocols in
HANs.
 A NAN is used to transfer the data between neighboring smart meters. Zigbee communication
protocol is widely used in NAN due to high speed of data transferring and low cost.
 Some smart meters are connected to a remote server through a WAN.
 GSM, GPRS, 3G, and WiMax communication technologies can be used to connect the meter to
the WAN. GSM provides wider coverage than other media.
2/21/2016 14
Wireless channels are Powerline communications suffer from
• Prone to interference due to the populated ISM
bands
• Have lower bandwidth than wired communication
technologies
• Do not penetrate well through concrete
construction
• Their range is limited
• The impact of harsh smart grid environment on
wireless communications is not explored well
• Noisy channel conditions
• Channel characteristics that vary depending on the
devices plugged in
• Electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to
unshielded power lines
• Poor isolation among units

15. 4.Smart meter : Benefits
Stakeholders Benefit
Utility customers  Better access and data to manage energy use
 More accurate and timely billing
 Improved and increased rate options
 Improved outage restoration
 Power quality data
Customer service &
Field operations
 Reduced cost of Metering reading
 Reduced trips for off-cycle reads
 Eliminates handheld meter reading equipment
 Reduced call center transactions
 Reduced collections and connects/disconnects
Revenue cycle services  Reduced back office rebilling
 Early detection of meter tampering and theft
 Reduced estimated billing and billing errors
2/21/2016 15

16. 2/21/2016 16
Transmission &
Distribution
 Improved transformer load management
 Improved capacitor bank switching
 Data for improved efficiency, reliability of service, losses, and
loading
 Improved data for efficient grid system design
 Power quality data for the service areas
Marketing & Load
Forecasting
 Reduced costs for collecting load research data
Utility general  Reduced regulatory complaints
 Improved customer premise safety & risk profile
 Reduced employee safety incidents
External stakeholders  Improved environmental benefits
 Support for the Smart Grid initiatives

17. 5.Smart meter : Issues
Meter Accuracy Case study of Texas:
 99.96 % were within +/- 2% and 99.91% were
within +/-0.5%.
 more stable with tighter accuracy control, and
consistently performed better than their mechanical
counterparts.
 no statistically significant difference in electricity
usage
 The increase in customer complaints correlated with
a difference in weather.
Radio Frequency Exposures  RF frequency
 Transmitter power
 Distance
 Duty cycle
 Spatial averaging
Smart meter security Security guidelines, recommendations, and best
practices for AMI system elements
2/21/2016 17

18. 2/21/2016 18
(Courtesy: California Council on Science and Technology)
Fig.13.Radio frequency exposures

19. 6.Smart meter standards
STANDARDS REGULATIONS FOR INSTALLATION
 Intentional and unintentional radio emissions,
and safety related to RF exposure (FCC
standards, parts 1 and 2 of the FCC’s Rules
and Regulations [47 C.F.R.1.1307(b), 1.1310,
2.1091, 2.1093.
 Meter accuracy and performance (ANSI
C12.1, 12.10, and 12.20 specifications)
 Local technical codes and requirements
 Functional tests to satisfy the utilities
technical and business requirements
 Utility specifications designed for special area
requirements (surge protection for areas
vulnerable to lightning, stainless steel
enclosures for seaside areas).
 The National Electric Safety Code (NESC) for
utility wiring
 The National Electric Code (NEC) for home
wiring
 ASNI C12.1—Code for Electricity Metering
 Local building codes.
2/21/2016 19

20. 7.Deployment of Smart meter
Selection of Smart meter system  Development of Business, Financial and Technical
Requirements
 Project RFP Bidding Process
 RFP evaluation
Customer care and communications  Explaining the process of installation
Meter and system certification and acceptance  Certification of system components
Logistics  logistic and warehousing process
Smart meter installation  The National Electric Safety Code (NESC) for
utility wiring
 The National Electric Code (NEC) for home wiring
 ASNI C12.1 – Code for Electricity Metering
 Local building codes
Data management  MDMS
2/21/2016 20

21. 8.Conclusion
Smart metering systems are thus an indispensable part of the evolving technology for smart grid.
They find application in various fields and have manifold benefits. However their design has to
meet certain pre-laid standards and regulations. This is a mandatory feature as these systems have
to be environment and user friendly.
The radio frequency emissions having the potential to damage public health is a hoax as for
ionization of body atoms require high frequency radiations which are not emitted by smart meters.
The only concern is the security and privacy of data as they are prone to cyber attack.
2/21/2016 21

22. References
[1] S. Meters, Smart meter systems: a metering industry perspective," An Edison Electric Institute-Association of Edison
Illuminating Companies-Utilities Telecom Council White Paper, A Joint Project of the EEI and AEIC Meter Committees,
Edison Electric Institute, 2011.
[2] S. S. S. R. Depuru, L.Wang, and V. Devabhaktuni, Smart meters for power grid: Challenges, issues, advantages and
status," Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 2736{2742, 2011.
[3] R. van Gerwen, S. Jaarsma, and R. Wilhite, Smart metering," Leonardo-. org, p. 9, 2006.
[4] M. Schneps-Schneppe, D. Namiot, A. Maximenko, and D. Malov, Wired smart home: energy metering, security, and
emergency issues," in Ultra Mod-
ern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), 2012 4th International Congress on. IEEE, 2012, pp.
405{410.
[5] Z. Fan, G. Kalogridis, C. Efthymiou, M. Sooriyabandara, M. Serizawa, and J. McGeehan, The new frontier of
communications research: smart grid and smart metering," in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy-
Ecient Computing and Networking. ACM, 2010, pp. 115{118.
[6] S. R. Rajagopalan, L. Sankar, S. Mohajer, and H. V. Poor, Smart meter privacy: A utility-privacy framework," in Smart
Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), 2011 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2011, pp. 190{195.
[7] K. Weranga, S. Kumarawadu, and D. Chandima, Smart metering design and applications. Springer, 2014.
2/21/2016 22

23. Thank you…
2/21/2016 23