Introduction to Secondary education

1. K.SATHISHKUMNAR
ALAGAPPAUNIVERSITY
KARAIKUDI

2. SECONDARY EDUCATION:
A secondary education is
considered the education to be
imparted after the elementary
education (Class VIII). The
classes IX and X is considered
as Secondary Education. The
Students studying in Class IX
shall be termed as ‘Primers’
while those at class X shall be
termed as ‘sophomores’

3. • Secondary education covers children aged 12 to
18, a group comprising 8.85 crore children
according to the 2001 Census of India.
• The final two years of secondary is often
called Higher Secondary (HS), Senior
Secondary, or simply the "+2" stage.
• The two halves of secondary education are each
an important stage for which a pass certificate is
needed, and thus are affiliated by central boards
of education under HRD ministry, before one
can pursue higher education, including college
or professional courses.

4. ORIGIN AND AIMS
The secondary education commission also
known as Mudaliar commission, headed by Dr.
A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar, then Vice
Chancellor of Madras University submitted a
number of recommendations with regard to
reorganization of secondary education in
India.

5. The commission examined many educational
issues such as;
• The needs and aspirations of our democratic
country.
• Objectives of education to fulfill these needs
• Reorganization of educational pattern to
realize these objectives
• Need for guidance and counseling in high
schools
• Teacher-training programmes and raising the
status of teachers

6. Nature, Scope of secondary education:
According to the International Encyclopedia of Teaching and Teacher
education (1987),
 Teacher education can be considered in three phases : Pre-service,
Induction and In-service. The three phases are considered as parts of
a continuous process.
 Teaching is considered an art and a science, the teacher has to
acquire not only knowledge, but also skills that are called tricks of
the trade.
 Teacher education is broad and comprehensive.
 Besides preservice and in-service programmes for teachers, it is
meant to be involved in various community programmes and
extension activities, adult education and non-formal education
programmes, literacy and development activities of the society.

7. FUNCTION OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION
• To conduct High School Certificate Examinations and
examinations of other courses prescribed by the Board.
• To prepare courses of studies, text books, teaching materials
etc.
• To publish and distribute/sell text books, syllabuses, lesson
notes, work books and other related materials.
• To issue certificates of the examinations conducted by the
Board and equivalence certificate to the examinations of other
State Boards.
• Programmes, Refresher Courses and other academic
programmes.

8. • To recognize the secondary schools for the
examinations of the Board.
• To make regulations for undertaking different
functions of the Board.
• To take care of Secondary Education through
Orientation

9. Aims and Objectives of Secondary
Education:
• The adoption of the goals of democracy and
socialism necessitating the development among
the people of a broad, national and secular
outlook;
• (2) The extreme poverty of the country and
urgency for promoting its economic growth; and
• (3) The absence of educational facilities needed
for developing all aspects of the human
personality and the neglect of cultural pursuits
and activities.

10. COMMITTEES AND COMMISSIONS ON
INDIAN EDUCATION
• (i) The capacity for clear thinking (allied to which is the
capacity for clearness in speech and writing);
• (ii) The scientific attitude of mind;
• (iii) A receptivity to new ideas;
• (iv) A respect for the dignity and worth of ever
individual;
• (v) The ability to live harmoniously with one's
fellowmen through the cultivation of discipline,
cooperation, social sensitiveness and tolerance; and
• (vi) A sense of true patriotism

11. REORGANIZATION OF THE
EDUCATIONAL PATTERN:
• The secondary Education should start after 4 to 5
years of primary education.
• Most of the high schools should be multi-
purposes schools and the students should be
encouraged to join professional and technical
courses.
• Public schools should continue
• State government should open some residential
schools in the rural areas.
• Director of Public Instructions should be the
chairman of the Board of Secondary Education.

12. STUDY OF LANGUAGE:
• Mother Tongue or the Regional language.
One more language should be chosen from
among the following
–Hindi
–Elementary English
–Advanced English
–Modern Indian Language {other than Hindi}
–Classical Language.

13. CURRICULUM: MIDDLE SCHOOL
LEVEL.
• Students learnt at the primary level of education should
be studied in depth and breadth at secondary education
level.
• Three languages
• Mathematics
• General Science
• Social Studies
• Arts and music
• Craft and physical Education.
• Moral education should be made compulsory for all
students

14. CURRICULUM: HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL
• Opportunities should be provided for the pupils to study
diversified courses at the high or higher secondary levels.
• However all students should be taught a language general
science, social studies and craft as core subject.
• The secondary stage , the students should be allowed to
study a subject of their choice from any one of the
Diversified group as Science, Arts Group, Fine Arts
Group, Commerce Group, Engineering Group and Home
Science Group.

15. METHODS OF TEACHING
• Inculcation of values, attitudes and work
habits:.
• Activity and project methods
• Emphasis on clear thinking and expression
• Training pupils in techniques of study
• Instruction to suit different student abilities
• Group projects and activities

16. MORAL AND RELIGIOUS
INSTRUCTION:
Religious instruction may be given in schools only
on a voluntary basis and outside the regular school
hours, such instruction being confined to the
children of the particular faith concerned and given
with the consent of the parents and the
managements

17. TEXTBOOKS
• High-power textbook committee for quality
text-books
• With a view to improving the quality of
textbooks prescribed, a high-power Textbook
Committee should be constituted which should
consist of a high dignitary.

18. Recommendations of the Secondary
Education Commission on School
Buildings and Equipment
• 1. Secondary schools should be established in rural areas
in central places with sufficient population which are
easily accessible to the surrounding villages.
• 2. Schools in urban areas should, as far as possible, be so
located that they are free from the noise and congestion
of the city and necessary transport facilities should be
made available for students.
• 3. The open spaces available in cities must be conserved
to be utilized as playgrounds by groups of schools and
the State and Central Governments should prevent,
through legislation, encroachment on them for industrial
or commercial purposes or by housing societies.

19. • 4. Normally, in designing buildings for schools, care
should be taken to see that an area of not less than 10
sq. ft. is provided per student in the classrooms.
• 5. The optimum number of boys to be admitted to any
class should be 30 and the maximum should not
exceed 40 in any case. The optimum number in the
whole school should be 500, while the maximum
should not exceed 750.
• 6. The schools constructed in future should provide
facilities for the introduction of diversified courses.
• 7. In the type design of schools as well as the furniture,
etc., research should be carried on to improve
functional efficiency and to adjust them to Indian
conditions.