2. INTRODUCTION
THROMBOSIS IS HEMOSTASIS IN WRONG PLACE
ī§ Antiphospholid syndrome(APS) is an autoimmune disorder
which manifests clinically as recurrent arterial or venous
thrombosis and/or fetal loss.
ī§ Characteristic lab abnormality exists as antibodies directed
against membrane anionic phospholipids( anticardiolipin
antibody,antiphosphatidylserine) or
their assocaited plasma protiens (beta 2 glycoprotein I).
3. ī§ Also known as
īē HUGHES SYNDROME named after
Graham Hughes.
īē Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
īē LUPUS ANTI COAGULANT SYNDROME (misnomer)
ī§ Mostly assosciated with SLE.
ī§ Responsible for frequent miscarriages in young females (15%).
4. 1. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome
APS occurs in the absence of any other related disease.
2. Secondary antiphospholipid syndrome
APS occuring in the context of other autoimmune
diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
3. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
In rare cases, APS leads to rapid organ failure due to
generalised thrombosis; this is termed (CAPS) and is
associated with a high risk of death.
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
ī§ In healthy people---frequency of aPL antibodies is 1-5 %
ī§ Prevalence â with age ,in elderly with chronic disease.
ī§ Risk of thrombosis is 0.5-30%
ī§ SEX-Women :men is 5:1
ī§ AGE- Young and middle age adults
ī§ RACE- African american and Hispanics
ī§ Females---arthritis,livedo,migraine
ī§ MalesâMI,epilepsy,lower extremity arterial thrombosis
ī§ Apl abâ30-40% in SLE---10% have APLS
ī§ aPL syndrome is the cause of
īē 14 % of all strokes
īē 11 % of all MI
īē 10% of DVT
īē 6% of pregnancy morbidity
īē 9% of pregnancy lossses
6. Etiology
ī§ Although aPL antibodies are clinically linked to APS
whether they are invoved in pathogenesis is unclear
ī§ Possible triggers identified
ī§ Infections (via molecular mimicry)
īē Syphilis
īē Hepatitis C infection
īē HIV
īē Malaria
īē Bacterial septicemia
ī§ Drugs- Procainamide, Quinidine, propranolol, hydralazine,
phenytoin, chlorpromazine, quinine
ī§ Genetic predisposition- HLA âDRW53,DR7âHISPANIC
DR4 - white.
7. Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease, in which
"antiphospholipid antibodies" :
1.anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA)
2. lupus anticoagulant(LA)
3. Anti beta-2 glycoprotien 1 antibodies
They may be b2 gp1 dependent (aotuimmune aPLs) or
independent(infection and drug induced aPLs)
The presence of aPL, may be demonstrated directly by:
âĸSerum assays (ELISA)--- anticardiolipin antibody(ACA) and
-----anti beta2-glycoprotein (GP) I antibody
âĸClotting assay ----- effects of an aPL on the phospholipid-dependent factors
in the coagulation cascade (lupus anticoagulant [LA] test)
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ī§ The family of APL ab are heterogenous and the targets vary.
ī§ Under physiologic conditions B2GPI act as elimination of
apoptotic cells and as natural anticoagulant.
ī§ There are distinct clinical ,laboratory and biochemical
differences between the disorders mediated by the different
antibodies.
ACL---risk of strokeâarterial thrombosis
LA---venous thrombosis
TNF alpha and complement activation âpregnancy loss
10. Activation or defective
apoptosis of platelets,
endothelial cells or
trophoblasts
Phosphatidylserine or
cardiolipin( negatively
charged phospholipid)
migrates to outer cell
surface
Circulating B2Gp1 bind
to phosphhatidylserine
aPL antibodies bind to
B2 Gp1 dimer
Activation of complement(C5a) and release of
cytokines(TNF alpha)
via migration of inflammatory cells produces a
prothrombotic state
12. Homeostatic regulation of blood coagulation is altered.
īą Defect in cellular apoptosis---exposure of membrane phospholipids to
the binding of various plasma proteins---b2gp1 complex,
neoepitope---target for autoantibodies.
īą Oxidized b2GP1---activates dendritic cells âautoantibodies are
produced.
īą Emerging evidence from animal studies suggest that aPLmediate
complement activation may be primary event for pregnancy loss
īą aPLs inhibit production of placental prolactin and insulin growth factor
binding protein-1 thus affecting trophobla. st syncitium formation,
placental apoptosis
14. ī§ Other proposed mechanism which may or may
not be dependent on the beta-2 âglycoprotien 1
includes
1. Production of antibodies against
prothrombin,proteinC,S annexins.
2. Activation of platelets to enhance endothelial
adherence.
3. Activation of vascular endotheliumâplatelet
and monocyte binding.
4. Ab react against oxidized LDLâ
atherosclerosis and MI.
15. ī§ Clinically the abovementioned mechanism
can affect virtually any organ including :
16. MORTALITY/ MORBIDITY
ī§ Increased CVA / MI specially in young pts.
ī§ Secondary to valvular vegetations
embolizations or in âsitu thrombosis.
ī§ Recurrent pulmonary embolism or thrombisis
leads to life htreatening pulm. Htn
ī§ Catastrphic APS(CAPS) rare and fatal
manifestaion (50% mortality)â multiorgan
failure in days to weeks.
ī§ Late spontaneous fetal loss ( 2nd or 3rd tri)
17. âSapporo Criteriaâ (Updated)
ī§ International Consensus Statement on
Classification Criteria for APS (2006).
īē Clinical criteria.
ī Vascular thrombosis.
ī Pregnancy morbidity.
īē Laboratory criteria.
ī Lupus anticoagulant.
ī Anticardiolipin IgG or IgM antibody.
ī Anti-b2glycoprotein I IgG or IgM antibody.
18. Clinical criteria for APS
ī§ Vascular thrombosis*.
īē Venous thromboembolic disease (DVT, PE).
īē Arterial thromboembolic disease.
īē Small vessel thrombosis.
* âCoexisting inherited or acquired thrombotic risk
factors are not reasons for excluding patients from a
diagnosis of APS trials.â
19. Clinical criteria for APS
ī§ Pregnancy morbidity.
īē One or more unexplained deaths of a
morphologically normal fetus at or beyond10th
week of gestation.
īē Three or more unexplained spontaneous abortions
at or prior to 10th week of gestation.
īē One or more premature births at or before the 34th
week of gestation due to eclampsia or placental
insufficiency.
20. Laboratory criteria for APS
ī§ Lupus anticoagulant: defined by a
functional, clot-based assay using the ISTH
guidelines.
ī§ Anticardiolipin IgG or IgM antibody.
ī§ Anti-b2glycoprotein I IgG or IgM antibody.
--Measured on 2 or more occasions at
least 12 weeks apart.
Lupus anticoagulant test is more specific but less sensitive predictor
than anticardiolipin antibody assys
21.
22. Limitation of revised criteria
ī§ Clinical features not included in the criteria but
recognised by the 2006 consencus-
īē Cardiac valve disese
īē Livido reticularis
īē Thrombocytopenia
īē Nephropathy
īē Neurologic manifestations
ī§ Non criteria lab findings associated with APS
īē Antibody titre of aCL or anti beta-2-gp1 in the range of 20-40
GPL units
īē IgA for both antobodies
īē Antiphosphatidylserine antibodies
īē Antiprothrombin ab.( asso with haemorrhagic tendency)
23. Thus history of any of the mentioned clinical features should raise
a suspicion-
Thrombosis( DVT/PE ,
MI, TIA or CVA )
especially if reccurrent
and at an early age
Neurologic( migraine,
headache, chorea , seizures,
transverse myelitis)
Unexplained adrenal
insufficiency
History of cardiac murmur
or valvular lesion
Miscarriages ( late
trimester or recurrent)
or premature birth
Hematologic
abnormalities( Hemolytic
anemia or
thrombocytopenia)
24. Risk factors for thrombosis
(two hit hypothesis)
ī§ Age >55 in men,>65 in women
ī§ Inherited thrombophilias
ī§ Oral contraceptives, trauma
ī§ Nephrotic syndrome
ī§ Malignancy
ī§ Immobilization
ī§ Surgery
ī§ htn,DM2,LDL,âHDL,cigarette smoking,family h/o
ī§ BMI>30kg/m2,microalbuminuria,GFR<60ml/min
27. ī§ 2.ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS
ī§ Less common
ī§ Males, Presence of anti CL abârisk factor
ī§ Present with TIA or stroke (20%),MI(25%)
ī§ Gangrene of distal extremeties
ī§ Brachial,subclavian arteries (unusual sites)
ī§ FUNDUS ( Retinal artery occlusion)
ī§ Heart murmur- aortc or mitral insufficiency d/t LIBMANN SACKS
endocarditis
28.
29. ī§ 3. CARDIAC disorders
ī§ Thrombotic or embolic
ī§ Premature athreosclerosisâocclusion
ī§ young age with no risk factors for CaVD
ī§ Valvular thickeningâ Aortic , Mitral
ī§ Vegetations ----libmann sacks(sterile)
ī§ Premature coronary disease
ī§ Myocardial infarction
ī§ Diffuse cardiomyopathy
ī§ Pericardial effusion
ī§ In SLE---pericarditis is common
30.
31. ī§ 4. Cutaneous
īē Livedo reticularis
īē Superficial thrombophlebitis
īē Leg ulcers
īē Painful purpura
īē Splinter Haemorrhages
SNEDDONâs syndrome--- Livido reticularis + stroke +/- aPl
May or may not be associated with APS
34. 4.NEUROLOGICAL disorders
ī§ Thrombotic or embolic
ī§ LAâindependent risk factor for stroke in young
ī§ Recurrent strokesâmulti infarct dementia
ī§ âChorea --- strongly linked to presence of APLâ
ī§ Migraine,TM,GBS,ON,ICH,psychosis, cognitive dysfunction.
ī§ Mimics multiple sclerosisâcognitive dysfunction
ī§ Diffâchorea,migraine,seizure ,dysarthria mc in apl
ī§ ---ON,bowel ,bladder ,gaitâMS
ī§ Non enhancing with gadolinium,strongly poisitive ab---APLS
35. ī§ 5.obstetrical disorders
ī§ Recurrent miscarriages
ī§ Fetal demise
ī§ Ecclampsia
ī§ IUGR
ī§ Oligohydramnios
ī§ HELLP syndrome
ī§ May be the prsenting feature of APLS
ī§ MC thrombotic defect leading to fetal demise---15% of miscarriages
36. 7.PULMONARY
ī§ Most frequent arterial complication
ī§ Antiphospholipid lung syndrome
īē ARDS, pulm thromboembolism, pulm hypertension.
ī§ Diffuse alveolar hemorrhageânon thrombotic manifestation of APS
ī§ High mortality
8.ABDOMINAL
ī§ Hepatic involvement is common
ī§ Acalculous cholecystitis, splenic infarction
ī§ Budd chiari syndrome
9.ENDOCRINE
ī§ Adrenal insufficiency
ī§ Autoimmune thyroidditis
37. 10.RETINAL---CRAO,CRVO,ON,CiRAO
11.HEMATOLOGY-----
ī§ thrombocytopenia<1,00,000.
ī§ SevereâCAPS,TTP
ī§ <50,000âbleeding
12.RENAL
ī§ APLN( aPL-associated nephropathy)---renal manifestation of APLS
ī§ Thrombosis at any site in renal vasculature.
ī§ Thrombotic microangiopathy
ī§ Proteinuria with hypocomplementemia.
ī§ Malignant hypertension
ī§ Flank pain d/t renal artery or vein thrombosis
ī§ <10%--ARFârecurrence
38. Catastrophic Antiphospholipid
Syndrome(CAPS)
ī§ A syndrome of multisystem involvement .
ī§ <1% of patients.
ī§ Multiple small vessel occlusions---multi organ failure.
ī§ Acute onset
ī§ 3 different organ systems involve in a week
ī§ Acute microangiopathy is characteristic
ī§ ARF,ARDS,CEREBRAL INJURY,MYOCARDIAL ischemia.
ī§ Potentially lethal
ī§ Trigger factors involved---
infections,trauma,neoplasia,pregnancy,lupus flares.
ī§ SLE-higher mortality.
39. LAB DIAGNOSIS
ī§ IgG and IgM Anticardiolipin and anti beta 2- GP1 antibodies (aCL) by
ELISA.
ī§ LA testing (Elongates APTT,Kaolin clotting time,dilute russells viper
venom time(dRVVT )
ī§ Repeat the assays after 12 weeks to confirm the diagnosis.
ī§ Consider for third test if initial titres were high and strong clinical
suspicion after second test comes negative
ī§ Recentlyâantibodies against annexinV,protein C
ī§ Thrombocytopenia is modest(>50000/cumm)
ī§ Proteinuria and microscopic hematuria
ī§ ESR, Hb, and TLC usually normal (except in acute thrombosis )
40. Tests for LAC
No LAC shows 100%
specificity and sensitivity
because aPLs are
heterogeneous.
More than 1 test system is
needed
ī§ APTT:
- variability in reagents result in inconsistent sensitivity.
- acute phase reaction and pregnancy may shorten APTT
and mask
a weak LAC
A normal APTT does not exclude LAC
ī§ KCT- Kaolin clotting time
more sensitive to presence of anti-II
ī§ DRVVT- Dilute Russellâs viper venom time
more sensitive to presence of b2 GPI
ī§ TTI - Tissue thromboplastin inhibition test
42. DRVVT
ī§ Detection of LA
ī§ In vitro test ---ability of venom of russells viper to induce
thrombosis.
ī§ In drvvt assay time is set to 23-27 sec
ī§ A prolonged clotting time of 30 sec or greater that does not correct
with addition of an equal volume of normal plasma suggests the
presence of LA.
ī§ Excess phospholipid is added. Normalised
ī§ Both the tests are determined to a ratio.
ī§ >1.2---may have.1.6 ---confirm.
ī§ More sensitive than APTT for LA
43. What if LA,ACL are negative
ī§ If patient experiencing thrombosis or recurrent miscarriages
1. Antibodies to b2 gp1
2. Ab to phosphatidyl serine,ethonalamine,glycerol,inositol
3. AnnexinV
4. Phosphatidyl choline.
44. Imaging studies
ī§ For confirmation
īē USG
īē COLOR DOPPLER
īē CT SCAN
īē MRI
īē 2D ECHO
ī§ Histology----non inflammatory bland thrombosis with no signs of
perivascular inflammation or leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
ī§ Biopsy samples from kidneys demonstrate glomerular and small
arterial microthrombi
45. Differential Diagnosis
Inherited and acquired
thrombophilias
âĸ protein C and protein S deficiency
âĸ factor V Leiden deficiency
âĸ Homocystenemia
âĸ Antithrombin III def
âĸ Prothrombin (G20210A) mutations
Acquired thrombotic defects
âĸ pregnancy and postpartum
âĸ major surgery
âĸ OCP
âĸ Nephrotic syndrome
âĸ Hypertension, DM
âĸ Malignancy
âĸ Infective endocarditis
âĸ Heparin induced tcp
46. Differential of CAPS
ī§ TTP( severe cerebral and renal disease)
ī§ HUS ( renal failure and hemolysis)
ī§ HELLP syndrome*
ī§ Sepsis with multiorgan failure and DIC (both
may have raised D-dimer and fdp levels)
ī§ PAN and other forms of systemic vasculitis
47. TREATMENT
ī§ Asymptomatic individuals in whom blood test findings are positive do
not requires specific treatment.
ī§ Primary thrombosis prevention inindividuals who are persistently aPL-positive
lacks an evidence based approach; controlled, prospective, and
randomized studies are in progress.
ī§ For secondary thrombosis prevention , the current recommendation is life-long
warfarin, although the necessity, duration, and intensity of warfarin
treatment are still under debate.
ī§ Strategies for the prevention of fetal loss in patients who have a prior
history of fetal loss include low-dose aspirin and low molecular weight
heparin (LMWH) for patients fulfilling the Sapporo APS Criteria.
48. In pregnancy---
ī§ use heparin and LDA(low dose aspirin)
ī§ Heparin also prevents aPL induces complement
activation
ī§ Previously prednisolone was usedâno benefit as per
trials
ī§ IVIG and HCQ may be considered in patients who
failed treatment with heparin.
ī§ Warfarin only after organogenesis is complete
(Pauzner et al)
ī§ Start prior to conception or at first missed period
ī§ Continue for 8-12 weks postpartum an then taper.
ī§ Nursing is safe
49.
50.
51. ī§ Thrombocytopenia
īē >50000/cumm----no treatment
īē < 50000/cumm----Prednisone , IVIG
ī§ Aspirin 81mg/day may be given
ī§ Enoxaparin-- 0.5mg/kg s.c. once daily
prophylactic and 1 mg/kg s.c. twice daily
therapeutic
ī§ Life long anticoagulation as per clinical
studies
52. Alternatives to warfarin
ī§ No data indicate the efficacy of warfarin in the treatment of
microangiopathic nephropathy,valvular heart disease, livedo reticularis, or
leg ulcers
ī§ Aspirin nd clopidogrel---sec prevention of non cardio embolic strokes
and TIA and recurrence rates almost same as warfarin.
ī§ Corticosteroid --- accompanying rheumatic illness
---Severe throbocytopenia
---Hemolytic anemia
---CAPS
ī§ For well anticoagulated pts who continue to have thrombosis(but no
definite proven role) -
īē Hydroxychloroquine (SLE pts)
īē Statins
īē IVIG
īē Plasmapheresis
ī§ Recurrence rate is 5-10% with these agents.
53.
54. doses
ī§ Warfarin---5-15mg/day qd for 2-5 days INR 2.5-3.5
ī§ APTT 2 times baseline----factor Xa assays in case of LA.
ī§ aspirin 81mg/day
ī§ Hydroxychloroquineâ6-7mg/kg/d---200-400mg/d
ī§ Cyclophosphamide 2-3 mg/kg/d PO OD,
ī§ Steroidsâprednisolone 1 mg/kg bw
ī§ IV ig---400mg/kg/d iv for 5 days
ī§ Statins ---atorva 10mg,pravastatin 40m g,fluvastatin 5 mg
55. New drugs
ī§ Rituximab
īē 1000mg iv for 2 doses.seperated by 2 weeks.
īē Helpful in treating low platelet count, anemia, heart valve disease, skin
ulcers, kidney small vessel clots
īē TheRITuximab Antiphospholipid Syndrome (RITAPS) Study at HSS is being
undertaken to explore whether the Rituximab is effective against certain aPL-related
clinical problems.
ī§ Eculizumab
īē Role in refractory APS under evaluation
īē Monoclonal ab, prevents C5 conversion to C5a
īē Helpful in renal translplant candiddates
ī§ Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
(HSCT)
īē Good results have been repor ted with autologous hematopoietic
stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in APS as shown by Statkute et al.
56. FUTURE
ī§ More specifically targeted, anti-inflammatory or
immunomodulatory approach in the future.
ī§ TNF alpha inhibitors for pregnancy complications
ī§ Specific complement inhibitors
ī§ Long term outcomes of children born of APS pregnancies
ī§ Currently, there is no data to support the primary prevention of
stroke in asymptomatic carriers of aPL.
ī§ aPL antibody positive pts with ambiguous events (dizziness,
confusion, visual disturbances)
ī§ Alternative effective drug to warfarin.
57. SUMMARY
ī§ An autoimmune disease ,acquired, assosciated with heterogenous
antibodies which act through various mechanismsâleading to
thrombosis---diagnosis by sapporo criteriaâconfirmation on
thrombosis for diagnosis---seperation of lab tests by 12 weeks---
warfarin life long therapyâheparin in pregnancy----CAPSâ acute
emergency---INR to be monitored----risk to be explained.---future
trends of target therapy awaited.
58. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
ī§ Think of APLS in a young female with thrombosis,fetal wastage and young
male with stroke.
ī§ Recurrent migraine headaches in a young female âdo APL
ī§ INR to be individualized and mainatined at 2.0-3.0
ī§ Recurrent â3.0-4.0
ī§ LAâDRVVT
ī§ IgG ACL âTHROMBOSIS
ī§ Ig M ACLâHEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
ī§ LIVEDO RETICULARIS âTHINK OF APLS
ī§ CHOREA IN YOUNG âTHINK OF APLS
ī§ ACL âINCREASES WITH AGE
ī§ ACLâARTERIAL,LAâVENOUS
ī§ LIFE LONG ANTICOAGULATION
ī§ CAPSâICU CARE
59. Scholary sources
ī§ HARRISONâS PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE,18th ed
ī§ KELLEYâS TEXTBOOK OF RHEUMATOLOGY , 8th ed.
ī§ www.emedicine.com
ī§ www.lupus.org
ī§ www.wikipedia.com
ī§ www.lupusawarenessandresearch.com
ī§ www.japi.org
ī§ www.clinicaltrials.gov