2. Menu
1) Introduction
2) Water Distribution
3) Distribution Types
4) Distribution Requirement
5) Storage Reservoir
6) Distribution Pipes
7) Wastage
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
3. Introduction
- “Delivery of water from pumping station by gravity flow and
delivers it thorughout the district to be served.
- Includes reservoirs for purposes of storage, equalizing
pressures and subsequent distribution, together with pipes,
valves, hydrant and other appurtenances for carrying
waters, service pipes, meters etc.
- Enable the water utility to deliver water to its customer with
maintaining the biological quality of water in the distribution
system. Assessment : Collecting routine water quality
samples from the distribution system and analyzing them
for the presence or absence of total coliform bacteria.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
4. Distribution System Valves
- “To stop, start or control the flow of water’
- Different valves are used to perform different functions
- Some valves, e.g. butterfly, globe, pinch and needle
valves are also used for throttling the flow
- Other types; e.g. check valves used to control the
direction of the flow of water
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
5. Water Distribution
- Damage :
i. Corrosion or rusting internally – Water quality
ii. Corrosion or rusting externally – Nature of soil conditions.
- Materials : Adequate strength and durability
- Sufficient pressures must be maintained
- Must be installed at sufficient depths below the ground surface –
protection against traffic loads.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
6. - Quality of distribution system influence internal corrosion rate of
distribution system pipes.
- Main quality parameters affect corrosion rates:
1. pH 5) Chlorides
2. Hardness 6) Sulphates
3. Dissolved Oxygen 7) Chlorine
4. Total Dissolved Solids 8) Hydrogen sulphide
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
9) Bacteria
Damage
7. Distribution - Requirement
1) Sufficient capacity of water
2) Sufficient pressure
3) Low-cost
4) Easier to maintain
5) Stable condition
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
8. Distribution - Types
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
TTYYPPEESS
GGRRAAVVIITTYY DDIIRREECCTT PPUUMMPPEEDD
GGRRAAVVIITTYY AANNDD PPUUMMPPEEDD
9. 1 – Gravity System
1) Gravity force
2) The water level or water distribution plant located
higher from the service areas
3) Not using pump
4) Low-cost and effective
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
10. Treatment Plant
GRAVITY FLOW
Supply Source (Dam)
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
GRAVITY SYSTEM
Service Reservoir
Service Area
1 – Gravity System – Con’d
11. 2 – Direct Pumped System
1) Pumped direct to the consumer
2) Level of water sources is at the same height or lower
from the service areas
3) Power failure – breakdown the system
4) Several types of pump
5) Expensive
6) Less Effective
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
12. Direct Pumped System – Con’d
River
Treatment Plant
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Service Area
DIRECT PUMP SYSTEM
Pump
Pump
13. 3 – Gravity & Pumped System
1) Combination – Pump and Gravity
2) Excess water during low water demand will kept
in the storage tank
3) Economical, pump used at constant rate
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
14. River
Treatment Plant Service Area
GRAVITY AND COMBINATION SYSTEM
Pump
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Pump
Service Reservoir
Gravity Flow
Gravity & Pumped System
15. Storage Reservoir
- Supply water during emergencies
- Equalize supply and demand
- Maintain constant pressure in the distribution system
- Other functions :
1) Provide water during peak demand
2) Provide disinfectant contact time
3) Allow for blending
4) Allow for one-shift treatment operations
5) Allow for optimization of pumping costs
6) Provide water hammer protection
7) Provide water during blackouts and natural disasters
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
17. A – Dead End/Tree System
1) Sub main pipe connect to main pipe
2) Old town and cities – irregular developed & no definite
patterns of roads and streets.
3) Cheap and easily designed
4) Not effective
5) Water pressure drop at the end of the distribution pipe
6) Water become stagnant at the end of the distribution pipe
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
18. Dead End/Tree System
Kampung A
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Kampung B
Main Pipe
DEAD END/TREE SYSTEM
19. B – Grid System
1) Main pipe and branches arranged in grid
sequences.
2) Effective during maintenance work
3) Effective during fire or emergency
4) No stagnant water
5) Design method more complex
6) High cost
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
21. C – Ring or Circle System
1) Main pipe is positioned covering the outer of the service area
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
Main Pipe
RING/CIRCLE SYSTEM
22. D– Radial System
1) Town or city divided into various circular or square zones
and distribution reservoirs placed at the centre of each
zone.
2) Suitable when town or city can be oriented with radial
roads and streets.
3) Water from main reservoir is allowed to flow through main
pipe and sub-main pipe and get collected at the distribution
reservoir of each zone
4) Water is supplied to consumers through distributor pipe
lines.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
24. Distribution - Wastage
WWAASSTTAAGGEE
LLEEAAKKIINNGG PPIIPPEE WWAATTEERR MMEETTEERR
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
SSTTOOLLEENN
25. Fire Hydrant
- Main function : provide water for firefighting
- Spacing and location : Depends on fire protection and insurance
needs
- Other function :
i. Flush the distribution system lines to remove sediments and
biogrowth accumulation
ii. Supply water to construction projects
iii. Provide water to water trucks and street sweepers
Izan Jaafar, Engineering SScciieennccee,, FFSSTT,, UUMMTT
