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Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR
PROFESSOR IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SREENIDHI INST. OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
HYDERABAD
SNIST (JNTUH) – RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
GENERATION AND UTILIZATION OF BIOMASS
Unit-II - Syllabus
• Biomass: Generation and utilization, Properties of
biomass, Agriculture Crop & Forestry residues used as
fuels. Biochemical and Thermo-chemical Conversion,
Combustion, Gasification, Biomass gasifiers and types
etc. Applications of Gasifiers to thermal power and
Engines, Biomass as a decentralized power
generation source for villages
• Concept of Bio-energy: Photosynthesis process, Bio-
fuels, Biomass resources Bio based chemicals and
materials Thermo-chemical Conversion: Pyrolysis,
Combustion, Gasification, Liquification. Bio-Chemical
Conversion: Aerobic and Anaerobic conversion,
Fermentation etc.
Unit-II
Bio-fuels: Importance, Production and applications.
Bio-fuels: Types of Bio-fuels, Production processes
and technologies, Bio fuel applications, Ethanol as a
fuel for I.C. engines, Relevance with Indian Economy.
11 Bio-based Chemicals and Materials: Commercial
and Industrial Products, Biomass, Feed stocks,
Chemicals, Plastics, Fibres etc. Government Policy
and Status of Bio fuel technologies in
Biomass is organic matter produced
by plants, both terrestrial, aquatic and
their derivatives.
Biomass can be considered a
renewable energy source because
plant life renews & adds to itself every
year.
Solar energy ->Photosynthesis –>Biomass- Energy conversion
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
BIOMASS SOURCES
1. Field and plantation biomass
 Agricultural crop residues- Cobs, stalks, Straw,
Cane thrashes and etc
 Edible matters from crops-Environmentally spoiled
grains, pulses, fruits, nuts, spices, seeds and lint
etc
 Dedicated energy crops- Bamboo
 Plantation debris-Leaves, barks and trunks
 Livestock wastes from fields
2. Urban waste biomass
 Municipal solid wastes
 Sewage sludges
 Kitchen and canteen wastes
3. Industrial biomass
 Agro-industrial processed biomass and their
wastes – Husk
 Oil cake
 Sugar molasses
 Hides and skin wastes
 Fruit and pulp debris Saw dust
 Wood pulp and paper shavings
 Fermented microbial mass etc
4. Forest biomass
 Log residues
 Timber
 Forest floor debris
 Animal carcass
5. Aquatic biomass
 Sea weeds (E.g. Kelp)
 Fresh water weeds (E.g. Water Hyacinth)
 Dead fishes
 Microalgae blooms
Utilization of Biomass
Properties of Biomass
Physical Properties
Following are important for solid fuels for
combustion / thermal processing:
 Moisture Content
 Particle Size and Size distribution
 Bulk Density & Specific gravity
 Higher Heating/Calorific Value
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
Properties of Biomass
Chemical Composition
 Total Ash %,
 Solvent soluble %,
 Water Soluble %,
 Lignin %,
 Cellulose %,
 Hemi-cellulose %
Elemental Composition
 • Carbon
 • Hydrogen
 • Oxygen
 • Nitrogen
 • Sulphur
Properties of Biomass
FYI: Composition of Biogas
Methane in atmosphere, from biogenic sources: 90 %
Methane in atmosphere, from petro-sources: 10%
BIOMASS ENERGY CONVERSION
How is Biomass Converted to Energy?
 Biomass power is simply carbon neutral electricity
produced from renewable organic waste products,
which could have been openly burned, dumped in
landfills or just left in the forest to cause fires.
1. Energy from the sun is transferred and stored in
plants in the form of chemical energy. When the
plants are cut or die, wood chips, straw and other
plant matter is delivered to biogas plant.When
biomass is burnt, it releases energy in the form of
heat.
2. The biomass plants burn wood or other forms of
waste to generate steam. The energy from the
steam is directed via pipes to run turbines.
3. The steam rises up to run turbines that produce
electricity or generate heat for homes and
industries.
4. In most countries, biomass plants have been built in
the countryside to provide electricity to the local
population. There are waste-to-energy plants that
burn trash to produce electricity and power millions
of homes. Energy can also be used by burning the
scrap wood or wood chips that are left over after
trees have been trimmed.
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
A wide verity of conversion technologies is
available for manufacturing premium fuels
from biomass.
Each biomass resources-wood, dung,
vegetable waste can be treated in many
different ways to provide a wide spectrum
of useful products.
The choice of the process is determined
by a number of facts- the location of the
resources & its physical conditions, the
economics of competing process &
Biomass Conversion
Thermo chemical
Conversion
Biochemical
conversion
Gasification
Anaerobic
Digestion
Fermentation
Pyrolysis
Direct
Combustion
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
Direct Combustion
In a direct combustion system, biomass is burned in a
combustor or furnace to generate hot gas, which is fed
into a boiler to generate steam, which is expanded through
a steam turbine or steam engine to produce mechanical
or electrical energy.
• The direct combustion of biomass in presence of oxygen/air to
produce heat and by products is called direct combustion.
• The complete combustion of biomass into ash is
called incineration.
• This heat energy in the product gases or in the form of steam
can be used for various applications like space heating or
cooling, power generation process heating in industries or any
other application.
• However, if biomass energy by combustion is used as co
generation with conventional fuels, the utilization of biomass
energy makes it an attractive proposition.
Direct Combustion
Direct Combustion
A simple biomass electric generation system is made up of
several key components. For a steam cycle, this includes some
combination of the following items:
• Fuel storage and handling equipment
• Combustor / furnace
• Boiler
• Pumps
• Fans
• Steam turbine
• Generator
• Condenser
• Cooling tower
• Exhaust / emissions controls
• System controls (automated).
Direct Combustion
Direct combustion systems feed a biomass feedstock into a
combustor or furnace, where the biomass is burned with excess
air to heat water in a boiler to create steam.
Steam from the boiler is then expanded through a steam
turbine, which runs a generator and produces electricity.
In general, all biomass systems require fuel storage space and
some type of fuel handling equipment and controls. A system
using wood chips, sawdust, or pellets typically use a bunker or
silo for short-term storage and an outside fuel yard for larger
storage. An automated control system conveys the fuel from the
outside storage area using some combination of cranes, stackers,
reclaimers, front-end loaders, belts, augers, and pneumatic
transport.
Thermo-Chemical Conversion
Gasification- takes place by
heating the biomass with
limited oxygen /Air
(deficient O2 and Air) to
produce low heating value
gas or by reacting it with
steam & oxygen at high
pressure & temperature to
produce medium heating
value gas like H2,CO,CH4,N2
BioMass - Generation and Utilization
Pyrolysis
It is the heating of biomass in a closed
vessel at temperatures in the range 500oC-
900oC in absence of O2/air or with steam. It
produces solid, liquid and gases.
The pyrolysis process can use all type of organic
materials including plastic and rubeers.
Pyrolysis is the
decomposing of
biomass (fresh or
fossil) by the heat of
anaerobic (reduced
air) combustion which
converts organic
material into gases
and/or fuel oils.
Biochemical Conversion
In biochemical processes the bacteria and
micro organisms are used to transform the raw
biomass into useful energy like methane and
ethane gas. Following organic treatments are
given to the biomass:
1) Fermentation of biomass (Aerobic digestion)
2) Anaerobic digestion of biomass
Fermentation
Fermentation is a process of decomposition
of complex molecules of organic compound
under the influence of micro-
organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria,
enzymes etc.
The example of fermentation process is
the conversion of grains and sugar crops into
ethanol and CO2 in presence of yeast.
Fermentation
Fermentation is a process of decomposition
of complex molecules of organic compound
under the influence of micro-
organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria,
enzymes etc.
The example of fermentation process is
the conversion of grains and sugar crops into
ethanol and CO2 in presence of yeast.
Fermentation
Anaerobic Digestion
The anaerobic digestion or anaerobic fermentation
process involves the conversion of decaying wet
biomass and animal waste into biogas through decomposition
process by the action of anaerobic bacteria.
The most useful biomass for production of biogas are
animal and human waste, plant residue and other
organic waste material with high moisture content.
Anaerobic Digestion
In other Words……
1. Anaerobic digestion involves the microbial
digestion of biomass. The process takes
place at low temperature up to 60oC &
requires a moisture content of at least
80%, and generates a gas consisting of CO2
& methane (CH4)
2. Fermentation is the breakdown of complex
molecules in organic compound under
influence of a ferment such as
Yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc.

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BioMass - Generation and Utilization

  • 1. Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR PROFESSOR IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SREENIDHI INST. OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD SNIST (JNTUH) – RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS GENERATION AND UTILIZATION OF BIOMASS
  • 2. Unit-II - Syllabus • Biomass: Generation and utilization, Properties of biomass, Agriculture Crop & Forestry residues used as fuels. Biochemical and Thermo-chemical Conversion, Combustion, Gasification, Biomass gasifiers and types etc. Applications of Gasifiers to thermal power and Engines, Biomass as a decentralized power generation source for villages • Concept of Bio-energy: Photosynthesis process, Bio- fuels, Biomass resources Bio based chemicals and materials Thermo-chemical Conversion: Pyrolysis, Combustion, Gasification, Liquification. Bio-Chemical Conversion: Aerobic and Anaerobic conversion, Fermentation etc.
  • 3. Unit-II Bio-fuels: Importance, Production and applications. Bio-fuels: Types of Bio-fuels, Production processes and technologies, Bio fuel applications, Ethanol as a fuel for I.C. engines, Relevance with Indian Economy. 11 Bio-based Chemicals and Materials: Commercial and Industrial Products, Biomass, Feed stocks, Chemicals, Plastics, Fibres etc. Government Policy and Status of Bio fuel technologies in
  • 4. Biomass is organic matter produced by plants, both terrestrial, aquatic and their derivatives. Biomass can be considered a renewable energy source because plant life renews & adds to itself every year. Solar energy ->Photosynthesis –>Biomass- Energy conversion
  • 7. 1. Field and plantation biomass  Agricultural crop residues- Cobs, stalks, Straw, Cane thrashes and etc  Edible matters from crops-Environmentally spoiled grains, pulses, fruits, nuts, spices, seeds and lint etc  Dedicated energy crops- Bamboo  Plantation debris-Leaves, barks and trunks  Livestock wastes from fields 2. Urban waste biomass  Municipal solid wastes  Sewage sludges  Kitchen and canteen wastes
  • 8. 3. Industrial biomass  Agro-industrial processed biomass and their wastes – Husk  Oil cake  Sugar molasses  Hides and skin wastes  Fruit and pulp debris Saw dust  Wood pulp and paper shavings  Fermented microbial mass etc
  • 9. 4. Forest biomass  Log residues  Timber  Forest floor debris  Animal carcass 5. Aquatic biomass  Sea weeds (E.g. Kelp)  Fresh water weeds (E.g. Water Hyacinth)  Dead fishes  Microalgae blooms
  • 11. Properties of Biomass Physical Properties Following are important for solid fuels for combustion / thermal processing:  Moisture Content  Particle Size and Size distribution  Bulk Density & Specific gravity  Higher Heating/Calorific Value
  • 13. Properties of Biomass Chemical Composition  Total Ash %,  Solvent soluble %,  Water Soluble %,  Lignin %,  Cellulose %,  Hemi-cellulose %
  • 14. Elemental Composition  • Carbon  • Hydrogen  • Oxygen  • Nitrogen  • Sulphur Properties of Biomass
  • 15. FYI: Composition of Biogas Methane in atmosphere, from biogenic sources: 90 % Methane in atmosphere, from petro-sources: 10%
  • 17. How is Biomass Converted to Energy?  Biomass power is simply carbon neutral electricity produced from renewable organic waste products, which could have been openly burned, dumped in landfills or just left in the forest to cause fires. 1. Energy from the sun is transferred and stored in plants in the form of chemical energy. When the plants are cut or die, wood chips, straw and other plant matter is delivered to biogas plant.When biomass is burnt, it releases energy in the form of heat. 2. The biomass plants burn wood or other forms of waste to generate steam. The energy from the steam is directed via pipes to run turbines.
  • 18. 3. The steam rises up to run turbines that produce electricity or generate heat for homes and industries. 4. In most countries, biomass plants have been built in the countryside to provide electricity to the local population. There are waste-to-energy plants that burn trash to produce electricity and power millions of homes. Energy can also be used by burning the scrap wood or wood chips that are left over after trees have been trimmed.
  • 21. A wide verity of conversion technologies is available for manufacturing premium fuels from biomass. Each biomass resources-wood, dung, vegetable waste can be treated in many different ways to provide a wide spectrum of useful products. The choice of the process is determined by a number of facts- the location of the resources & its physical conditions, the economics of competing process &
  • 24. Direct Combustion In a direct combustion system, biomass is burned in a combustor or furnace to generate hot gas, which is fed into a boiler to generate steam, which is expanded through a steam turbine or steam engine to produce mechanical or electrical energy.
  • 25. • The direct combustion of biomass in presence of oxygen/air to produce heat and by products is called direct combustion. • The complete combustion of biomass into ash is called incineration. • This heat energy in the product gases or in the form of steam can be used for various applications like space heating or cooling, power generation process heating in industries or any other application. • However, if biomass energy by combustion is used as co generation with conventional fuels, the utilization of biomass energy makes it an attractive proposition. Direct Combustion
  • 26. Direct Combustion A simple biomass electric generation system is made up of several key components. For a steam cycle, this includes some combination of the following items: • Fuel storage and handling equipment • Combustor / furnace • Boiler • Pumps • Fans • Steam turbine • Generator • Condenser • Cooling tower • Exhaust / emissions controls • System controls (automated).
  • 27. Direct Combustion Direct combustion systems feed a biomass feedstock into a combustor or furnace, where the biomass is burned with excess air to heat water in a boiler to create steam. Steam from the boiler is then expanded through a steam turbine, which runs a generator and produces electricity. In general, all biomass systems require fuel storage space and some type of fuel handling equipment and controls. A system using wood chips, sawdust, or pellets typically use a bunker or silo for short-term storage and an outside fuel yard for larger storage. An automated control system conveys the fuel from the outside storage area using some combination of cranes, stackers, reclaimers, front-end loaders, belts, augers, and pneumatic transport.
  • 29. Gasification- takes place by heating the biomass with limited oxygen /Air (deficient O2 and Air) to produce low heating value gas or by reacting it with steam & oxygen at high pressure & temperature to produce medium heating value gas like H2,CO,CH4,N2
  • 31. Pyrolysis It is the heating of biomass in a closed vessel at temperatures in the range 500oC- 900oC in absence of O2/air or with steam. It produces solid, liquid and gases. The pyrolysis process can use all type of organic materials including plastic and rubeers.
  • 32. Pyrolysis is the decomposing of biomass (fresh or fossil) by the heat of anaerobic (reduced air) combustion which converts organic material into gases and/or fuel oils.
  • 33. Biochemical Conversion In biochemical processes the bacteria and micro organisms are used to transform the raw biomass into useful energy like methane and ethane gas. Following organic treatments are given to the biomass: 1) Fermentation of biomass (Aerobic digestion) 2) Anaerobic digestion of biomass
  • 34. Fermentation Fermentation is a process of decomposition of complex molecules of organic compound under the influence of micro- organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc. The example of fermentation process is the conversion of grains and sugar crops into ethanol and CO2 in presence of yeast.
  • 35. Fermentation Fermentation is a process of decomposition of complex molecules of organic compound under the influence of micro- organism(ferment) such as yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc. The example of fermentation process is the conversion of grains and sugar crops into ethanol and CO2 in presence of yeast.
  • 37. Anaerobic Digestion The anaerobic digestion or anaerobic fermentation process involves the conversion of decaying wet biomass and animal waste into biogas through decomposition process by the action of anaerobic bacteria. The most useful biomass for production of biogas are animal and human waste, plant residue and other organic waste material with high moisture content.
  • 39. In other Words…… 1. Anaerobic digestion involves the microbial digestion of biomass. The process takes place at low temperature up to 60oC & requires a moisture content of at least 80%, and generates a gas consisting of CO2 & methane (CH4) 2. Fermentation is the breakdown of complex molecules in organic compound under influence of a ferment such as Yeast, bacteria, enzymes etc.