Domain specific languages, together with code generation or interpreters (a.k.a. model-driven development), are becoming more and more important. Since there is a certain overhead involved in building languages and processors, this approach is especially useful in environments where a spe-cific set of languages and generators can be reused many times. Product lines are such an environment. Consequently, the use of domain specific languages (DSLs) for Software Product Line Engi-neering (SPLE) is becoming more relevant. However, exploiting DSLs in the context of product lines involves more than just defining and using languages. This tutorial explains the differences as well as commonalities between model-driven development (MDD) and SPLE and shows how the two approaches can be combined. In this tutorial we will first recap/introduce feature modeling and model-driven development. We then build a simple textual DSL and a code generator based on Eclipse openArchitectureWare (oAW). Based on this language we’ll discuss the kinds of variability expressible via DSLs versus those expressible via feature modeling, leading to a discussion about ways to combine the two. In the next demo slot we’ll do just that: we’ll annotate a model with feature dependencies. When generating code, the elements whose features are not selected will be removed, and hence no code will be generated. Finally we’ll discuss and demo the integration feature dependencies into code generators to con-figure the kind of code generated from the model.

1. Domain Specific Languages Using for Product Line Engineering SPLC 2009 Tutorial MarkusVoelter Independent/Itemis www.voelter.devoelter@acm.org

2. Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup

3. Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup

4. Variability … differencesamong products in PL

5. Variation Point … a pointwhere a variationcanoccur … must beboundfor eachproduct … bind when? … bind how?

6. Binding Time

7. VariabilityMechanisms Removal … optionallytakeaway fromoverallwhole

8. VariabilityMechanisms Removal … optionallytakeaway from overall whole Challenge: overallwholecan get bigandunwieldy

9. VariabilityMechanisms Injection … optionallyaddto minimal core

10. VariabilityMechanisms Injection … optionallyaddto minimal core Challenge: howtopointintothecore andaddsomethingtoit

11. VariabilityMechanisms Parametrization … definevaluesfor predefinedparams

12. VariabilityMechanisms Parametrization … definevaluesfor predefined params Challenge: typesforparameterscan be non trivial (DSLs)

13. Configuration vs. Customization Variability

14. Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup

15. Configuration … selectingoptions … settingparamvalues

16. Configuration Feature Models

17. Configuration Feature Models Robin DR-400 An aircraft with a low wing, piston engine and made of metal, wood and cloth

18. Configuration Feature Models Airbus A 320 An aircraft with low wing, jet engine(s) and made of metal.

19. Configuration Feature Models Schleicher ASW 27 An aircraft with shoulder wing, no engine and made of plastic

20. Configuration Feature Models

21. Configuration Feature Models

22. Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup

23. Customization … „real languages“ … instantiation … connections

24. Customization Languages

25. Customization Languages

26. Customization Languages

27. Customization Languages

28. Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup

29. programming started closetothehardware abstractions  computing chips

30. abstractions  computing bits

31. abstractions  computing C

32. abstractions  computing? Java

33. abstractions  computing? SQL

35. ?

37. generalpurpose

38. domainspecific

39. tailormade effective++ specialized, limited usedbyexperts togetherwithother specializedtools

40. DSL A DSL is a focussed, processablelanguage for describing a specific concern when building a system in a specific domain. The abstractions and notations used are natural/suitablefor the stakeholders who specify that particular concern.

41. execute?

42. map

43. DSL Program (aka Model) map automated! GPL Program

44. map Generation Transformation Compilation Interpretation

46. Automation faster, deterministic

47. Increased Quality well definedstructuresallthroughthesystem

48. Meaningful Validation moresemantics in the model

49. Capture Domain Knowledge formalizedintolanguagesandmodels

50. SuitableNotations textual, graphical, tabular

51. Technology Independence generate „technologygluecode“

52. Abstraction w/o Runtime Overhead generator „optimizesaway“

53. Capture ImplementationStrategy in thegenerators

54. Everythingis a model includingforexamplehardware (some) hardware

55. Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup

57. EMF Ecore meta meta model + Editing Transactions Validation Query Distribution/Persistence

58. EMF Metamodel As Tree can also be editedas UML-like diagram

59. EMF Constraints with OCLand dialects

60. GMF Graphical Box/Line editors based on EMF

61. TMF / Xtext Building Textual Editors

62. TMF / Xtext Building Textual Editors

63. M2M Model-to-Model Transformations INRIA’s ATL QVTXtend

64. M2T Model-to-Text Transformations JET: Java Emitter TemplatesXpand: oAW’s template engine

65. M2T Model-to-Text Transformations Extensions to modularize complex expressions

66. openArchitectureWare www.openarchitectureware.org One Stop Toolkit for DSLs + X Version 5.0 is current Lively ecosystem of tools and extensions Proven track record in various domains & project contexts Stable, productive and helpful developer, support and user communities Integration with Eclipse: Part of Eclipse, Working Group Uses EMF as a basis Graphical editors based on GMF All editors and tooling based on Eclipse

67. openArchitectureWare

68. SpecifyGrammar

69. AntlrGrammarandParserisgeneratedfromthisspecification

70. Generated Metamodel

71. SpecifyConstraints

72. Generated Editor

73. Generated Editor Code Completion

74. Generated Editor Syntax Coloring Custom KeywordColoring

75. Generated Editor RealtimeConstraintValidation

76. Generated Editor Customizable Outlines

77. Generated Editor Code Folding

78. Generated Editor Goto Definition Find References Cross-File References Model as EMF

79. Generated Editor

80. XtextOverview

81. DEMO Building a sample textual DSL and code generator for a simple domain using Eclipse TMF/openArchitectureWare

82. Another Tool…? OSLO

83. Another Tool…?

84. also do… IntelliJ IDEA Resharper

85. released in Q3 2009 licensed under Apache 2.0

86. Build new standalone DSLs Build DSLs that reuse parts of other languages Java++ (MPS comes with BaseLanguage) extend base language build DSLs that reuse parts of BaseLanguage

87. Language Extension Example Old New Java Java + Extension ReadWriteLock l = … l.readLock().lock(); try { //code } finally { l.readLock().unlock(); } ReadWriteLock l = … lock (l) { //code }

88. Structure  Editor  Typesystem  Generator

89. Structure  Editor  Typesystem  Generator

90. Structure  Editor  Typesystem  Generator

91. Structure  Editor  Typesystem  Generator

92. Structure  Editor  Typesystem  Generator

93. Structure  Editor  Typesystem  Generator

94. Structure  Editor  Typesystem  Generator

95. Structure  Editor  Typesystem  Generator

96. Language Extension Example Result behaves like a native base language construct

97. Language Extension Example Result behaves like a native base language construct

98. Language Extension Example Translated to regular Java code based on the generator package jaxdemo.sandbox.sandbox; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; public class DemoClass { private Lock lock; public DemoClass() { try { this.getLock().lock(); SharedResouce.instance().doSomething(); } finally { this.getLock().unlock(); } } private Lock getLock() { return this.lock; } }

99. Example Languages UI Language

100. Example Languages HTML Templates

101. Example Languages Persistent Classes

102. Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup

103. Two Levels problemspace vs. softwarespace Problem Space: Configuration Software Space: Customization

104. Two Levels problemspace vs. softwarespace

105. Two Levels Removal #ifdefined (ACE_HAS_TLI)staticssize_tt_snd_n( ACE_HANDLE handle,constvoid *buf, size_tlen, int flags,ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,size_t *bytes_transferred = 0); #endif /* ACE_HAS_TLI */

106. Model-Based Implementation … customization in problem space … Problem-Space DSL

107. Model-Based Implementation

108. Model-Based Implementation

109. MDSD - Thumbnail

110. MD-PLE - Thumbnail fewer!

111. Two Levels Removal

112. Two Levels Removal

113. Two Levels Removal

114. Two Levels Removal

115. Two Levels Injection

116. Two Levels Injection aspect (*) compnent { providesmon: IMonitoring }

117. Two Levels Removal + Injection

118. Manual Code Variability public class LightDriverImplementation extends LightDriverImplBase { @Override protected String getIdInternal() { return getConfigParamValueForId(); } … //# dimmableLights @Override protected int setLightLevelInternal(int level) { state().setEffectiveLightLevel(level); return level; } //~# dimmableLights }

119. http://dslvariantmanagement.googlecode.com

120. DEMO Extending the sample DSL to include feature-based variability connected to an external feature model

121. Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup

122. MD-PLE – Thumbnail II moreoptions

123. Transformation Variability create System transformPs2Cbd( Building building ): … hasFeature("burglarAlarm") ? ( handleBurglarAlarm() -> this) : this; handleBurglarAlarm( System this ): let conf = createBurglarConfig(): ( configurations.add( conf ) -> … conf.connectors.add( connectSimToPanel( createSimulatorInstance(), createControlPanelInstance() ) ) -> hasFeature( "siren" ) ? conf.addAlarmDevice("AlarmSiren") : null -> hasFeature( "bell" ) ? conf.addAlarmDevice("AlarmBell") : null -> hasFeature( "light" ) ? conf.addAlarmDevice("AlarmLight") : null );

124. Transformation Variability

125. Generator Variability

126. DEMO Introducing Variability into the Code Generator built before

127. Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup

128. DSLs can be used to effectively describe customization variab. Transformation and Generation can be used to map PS to SS Configuration and Customization can be sensibly combined Various Tools are available, http://eclipse.org/modeling http://dslvariantmanagement.googlecode.com/

129. Domain Specific Languages Using Variability Configuration Customization MDD Intro MDD Tooling Model Variability Transformation Var. Summary & Wrapup for Product Line Engineering THE END. Thankyou. Questions? MarkusVoelter Independent/Itemis www.voelter.devoelter@acm.org