SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 63
Lesson Overview The Skeletal SystemLesson Overview The Skeletal System
•Who won the skeleton beauty contest? • No body
•What do skeletons say before they begin
dining?
•Bone appetit !
Why didn't the skeleton dance at the
Halloween party?
•It had no body to dance with!
•What did the skeleton say while riding
his Harley Davidson motorcycle?
•I'm bone to be wild!
• Who was the most famous French
skeleton?
•Napoleon bone-apart
•What instrument do skeletons play? •Trom-BONE.
•Why couldn't the skeleton cross the
road?
•He didn't have the guts.
•How did the skeleton know it
was going to rain ?
•He could feel it in his
bones !
•How do skeletons call their friends ?
•On the telebone !
•What do you call a skeleton who
won't get up in the mornings ?
•Lazy bones
•Why don't skeletons play music in
church ?
•They have no organs !
• What is a skeleton ?
•Somebody on a diet who forgot
to say "when" ! !
Lesson Overview The Skeletal SystemLesson Overview The Skeletal System
EXOSKELETON
ENDOSKELETON
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support – rigid framework that maintains the shape of the body; supports the
organs suspended within it.
Protection – soft and delicate tissues and organs are protected by the skeleton.
Movement – muscles can attach to the bones.
Production of blood cells – red and white blood cells are made in the bone
marrow.
Storage of minerals (and lipids) – calcium and phosphorus levels are maintained
by storing the excess in the bones.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Structure of the Skeleton
There are 206 bones in the adult human
skeleton.
22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle
Divided into axial skeleton and
appendicular skeleton.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Structure of the Skeleton
The axial skeleton supports the
central axis of the body and consists
of :
• Skull (cranium and facial bones)
– The cranium has a number of flat bones fitted together
at immovable joints.
• Vertebral column
– The backbone has 33 bones called vertebrae placed end
to end, each separated from the other by a cartilage disc.
• Ribcage and sternum
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Structure of the Skeleton
The bones of the arms and legs, along with the
bones of the pelvis and shoulder area, form the
appendicular skeleton.
• Arms and legs
– The upper part of the limbs consists of single long bones – the humerus in the
arm, and the femur in the leg.
– The lower part of the limbs has a pair of bones below the elbow or knee – the
radius and ulna in the arms, and the tibia and fibula in the legs.
• Pectoral and pelvic girdles
– The pectoral, or shoulder, girdle, consists of the clavicle (collar bone) and
scapula (shoulder blade). This girdle connects the humerus to the rest of the
skeleton.
– The pelvic girdle consists of two halves. These two hip bones (sacrum,
coccyx) form a hollow cavity known as the pelvis. This girdle connects the
femur to the rest of the skeleton.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Bones
• Made of layers of living tissue
• Covered with a tough, tight-fitting
membrane called the periosteum
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Bones
What is the structure of a typical human bone?
A bone is a solid network of living cells and protein fibers (collagen) that
are surrounded by deposits of calcium and magnesium salts .
which is mostly stored fat.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Adults continually break down and
build up bone
Osteoclasts remove damaged cells
and release calcium into blood
Osteoblasts remove calcium from
blood and build a new matrix.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Compact Bone
• Directly under the periosteum
• Hard, strong layer
• Gives bones strength
• Contains deposits of calcium phosphate
• Contains bone cells and blood vessels
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Spongy Bone
• Located at the ends of long bones
• Has many small, open spaces that make
bones lightweight
• Filled with a substance called marrow
– yellow composed of fat cells
– red produces red blood cells
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Classification of Bones on the Basis
of Shape
*Longer than wide
*Bear weight
*About same length as width
*Bear weight
Thin and usually curved
Protect brain and thoracic
organs
Skeletal System
(e) Sesamoid
(e.g.,Patella)
Small and round
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Characteristics of cartilage
• Smooth ,glossy ,flexible thick layer of
tissue
• It doesn’t contain very many minerals
although it contains collagen
• Does not contain blood vessels
• Covers the ends of bones
• Spread loads, reduces friction, and
allows flexible movement, acts as a
shock absorber
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
The Vertebral Column
33 Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
The spine has a normal
curvature
Each vertebrae is given a
name according to its
location
The spinal cord runs
through an arch of bone
formed by the vertebrae
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
The Skull or Cranium
•The skull protects the brain, most of the organs of the senses and entrances to
respiratory and digestive systems.
The skull has 28 bones (14 belong to the face) join by immovable joints can’t
move at all.
They either interlock or overlap.
hinged to the skull
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
The Hyoid Bone
The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone
Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Thoracic Cage
Commonly called the rib cage
Protects the heart, lungs, and other organs of
the thoracic cavity
Encloses the thoracic cavity
Composed of twelve pairs of ribs and the
sternum (breast plate or bone)
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
The classification of ribs:
1. True ribs – 1st 7 pairs that attach directly to the sternum by the
coastal cartilage
2. False ribs – inferior 5 pairs that connect indirectly (first 3 pairs)
to the sternum or do not attach at all to the sternum (last two pairs)
3. Floating ribs – the last two pairs of false ribs that are not
attached at all
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Bones of upper limb
Humerus (upper arm)
Radius; ulna
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Bones of lower limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia, fibula
Tarsals, metatarslas, phalanges
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
How are bones connected together?
• By Ligaments:
A ligament is a tough band of white, fibrous, slightly
elastic tissue. This is an essential part of the skeletal
joints; binding the bone ends together to prevent
dislocation and excessive movement that might cause
breakage. Ligaments also support many internal organs;
including the uterus, the bladder, the liver, and the
diaphragm .
• By Joints: constructed to both allow
movement and provide mechanical
support.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
• Joints are where two, or more,
bones meet.
• They are divided up into three
types depending on how
freely the bones can move:
 Immovable
 slightly movable
 freely movable
• Joints contain connective
tissues that hold bones
together.
• Joints permit bones to move
without damaging each other.
• If we did not have joints no
movement would occur.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
• Joints
• Immovable: bones sutured together by
connective tissue: skull
• Slightly movable connected by
fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage:
vertebrae, rib/sternum joint, pubic
• Freely movable – separated ligaments-
hold bones together
tendons- muscle to bone
lined by synovial membrane
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Types of Joints
Hinge- 
A hinge joint allows extension
and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow,
Knee)
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Ball and Socket- 
A ball and socket joint
allows for radial movement in almost
any direction. They are found in the hips
and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Gliding- 
In a gliding or plane joint bones
slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-
tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands,
Feet)
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the
touching surfaces of two bones have both
concave and convex regions with the
shapes of the two bones complementing
one other and allowing a wide range of
movement. (Thumb)
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
• Pivot: Rounded or conical surfaces of one bone
fit into a ring of one or tendon allowing rotation.
An example is the joint between the axis and
atlas in the neck.
Examples
• The joint between the atlas and
axis.
• The joint between the radius
and ulna.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Types of movement and examples (with muscles)
flexion- move lower leg toward upper
extension- straightening the leg
abduction- moving leg away from body
adduction- movong leg toward the body
rotation- around its axis
supination- rotation of arm to palm-up position
pronation- palm down
circumduction- swinging arms in circles
inversion- turning foot so sole is inward
eversion- sole is out
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Freely moveable joints Or Synovial joints.
• Outer sleeve is called the joint capsule.
– It holds bones together &
protects joint.
– It is an extension of the skin
or periosteum that covers
the bone.
• A synovial membrane.
– Lines the capsule and oozes a
slippery liquid called synovial
fluid.
• A joint cavity.
– A small gap between the
bones.
– Filled with synovial fluid.
– Lubricates the joint so the
joint moves more freely.
• A covering of smooth slippery cartilage at
the end of the bones.
– Stops the bones knocking
together.
• Ligaments which hold the bones together.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
• Ligament• Tendon
• Join bone to bone (joint) and
hold joints in place.
• Its matrix contains yellow
elastin fibres
• Elastic but tough
• Allows movement at the joint
• Connects muscle to bone
(normally one tendon to a
non-moving part and
another tendon to a
movable part)
• Its matrix contains white
fibrous collagen
• Tough and do not stretch
• They don’t stretch when
the muscle contracts to
move the bone
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Diseases and Conditions
of the Skeletal System
* Arthritis
* Bursitis Inflammation of the Bursa sac
*Tendonitis most common cause of tendonitis is overuse
of the tendons.
* Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: swelling or change in position of the
tissue within the carpal tunnel squeezes and irritates the median
nerve. It causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and
the middle fingers
* Osteoporosis bones have lost minerals (especially calcium)
making them weak, brittle, and susceptible to fractures
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
* Scoliosis abnormal curvature of the spine.
More girls than boys have severe scoliosis.
* Kyphosis spine may develop a hump
* Lordosis A curvature of the vertebrae in
the lower back area
*Rickets softening and weakening of
bones in children
*Acromegaly occurs when the body produces too much of the
hormones that control growth, tissues grow larger than
normal
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
• How many muscles are there in the human body?
– Answer: 640 Muscles
– The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass.
• What is the longest muscle in the body?
– Answer: The Sartorius
– The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the
inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards.
• What is the smallest muscle in the body? Would you like to see it?
– Answer: The Stapedius
– The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner
than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.
• What is the biggest muscle in the body?
– Answer: The Gluteus Maximus
– The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards
powerfully for walking and running.
TRIVIA!
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
• back
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Functions of the Muscles
• Movement
• Heat production
• Maintenance of posture and muscle
tone
• Protects the bones and internal
organs.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Muscle Classification
• Functionally
–Voluntary – can be moved at will
–Involuntary – can’t be moved
intentionally
• Structurally
–Striated – have stripes across the fiber
–Smooth – no striations
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Chart Title
Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
3 Types of Muscles
The 3 Types of Muscles
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Smooth Muscle
• Fibers are thin and in layers
• No striations
• Single nuclei
• Involuntary
• Contracts and fatigues slowly
Found in the
* circulatory system (Lining of the blood vessels)
Helps in the circulation of the blood
*digestive system (Esophagus, stomach, intestine)
Controls digestion
*respiratory system Controls breathing
*urinary system (Urinary bladder) Controls
urination
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Cardiac Muscle
• Cells are branched and
appear fused with one
another
• Has striations
• Each cell has a central
nuclei
• Involuntary
• Found ONLY in the heart
• Contractions of the heart muscles pump blood
throughout the body and account for the heartbeat.
• Healthy cardiac muscle NEVER fatigues  or else…
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Skeletal Muscle
 Fibers are long and cylindrical
(arranged in bundles)
 Has many nuclei
 Has striations
 Have alternating dark and light
bands
 Voluntary
• Attached to skeleton by tendons
• Causes movement of bones at the joints.
• And yes… they do fatigue
what substance forms causing muscle fatigue???
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Functions of Skeletal Muscle
• Movement – muscle move bones by
pulling not pushing.
– Antagonists – muscles and muscle groups
usually work in pairs
– example the biceps flex your arm and its
partner the triceps extend your arm. The two
muscles are antagonists, i.e. cause opposite
actions.
– when one contracts the other relaxes.
– Levators – muscle that raise a body part.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Functions of Skeletal Muscle
• Maintenance of posture or muscle tone
– We are able to maintain our body position because
of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These
contractions don’t produce movement yet hold our
muscles in position.
• Heat production – contraction of muscles
produces most of the heat required to maintain
body temperature.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
• Composed of striated muscle cells
(=muscle fibers) and connective tissue.
– Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have
a moveable joint between them.
• The attachment to the bone that does
not move is the origin.
• The attachment to the bone that moves
is the insertion.
– Tendons anchor muscle firmly to bones.
Tendons are made of dense fibrous
connective tissue.
– Ligaments connect bone to bone at a joint.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
• Contribution of the nervous system
Electrochemical
impulses travel from
the frontal lobes
via motor nerves
to the muscle fibers
and cause them to
contract.
Sensation is a function of the
brain – impulses are
integrated in the parietal lobes
of the cerebrum (conscious
muscle sense) and in the
cerebellum (unconscious).
These activities promote
coordination.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
- Muscle cells are filled with 2 types of fine threadlike proteins
called myofilaments: myosin (thick) and actin (thin).
are arranged in the cells in small units called sarcomeres.
These structures slide past each other
causing the muscle cell to contract or
shorten.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Muscle Contraction
• Sequence
– Electrical impulse
travels down a
motor neuron. It
causes an
electrical impulse
to spread over
the cell.
– The sarcomeres
shorten and the
muscle cell
contracts.
(FIBRES AND
CELLS CANNOT
ELONGATE)
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Movement of Muscles
• Origin: the attachment of
the muscle to the bone
that remains stationary
• Insertion: the attachment
of the muscle to the bone
that moves
• Belly: the fleshy part of
the muscle between the
tendons of origin and/or
insertion
origin
insertion
belly
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Categories of
skeletal muscle actions
• Categories Actions
• Extensor Increases the angle at a joint
• Flexor Decreases the angle at a joint
• Abductor Moves limb away from midline of body
• Adductor Moves limb toward midline of body
• Levator Moves insertion upward
• Depressor Moves insertion downward
• Rotator Rotates a bone along its axis
• Sphincter Constricts an opening
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Skeletal muscles usually work in pairs. E.g. The biceps
and triceps muscles
attached to the
scapula at the
top and to the
radius at the
bottom
flexor muscle.
extensor
muscle.
As they bring about opposite effects, the biceps and triceps are examples of
antagonistic muscles.
A small contraction of the muscle will produce a large movement at the end of the limb
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
• After exercise =>HIGH LEVEL of O2 consumption
PERSISTS until the excess of LACTIC ACID is oxidized :
• Accumulation of Lactic acid causes
CRAMPS and MUSCULAR FATIGUE
Glucose
Glucose
PYRUVIC ACIDLACTIC
ACID
2 ATP
LACTIC
ACID
PYRUVIC ACID
BLOOD
MUSCLE
LIVER
CORI CYCLE
Only in EXTREME
MUSCULAR ACTIVITY
6 ATPGLUCO
NEO
GENESIS
OXYGEN DEBT
Volume of O2 needed to
complete oxidize the
lactic acid
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Long-term benefits of exercise.
•increase in size of the muscles used,
•reduction of heart rate and increase in
stroke volume,
•more enzymes made in the muscles,
•stronger ligaments and tendons,
•more flexibility at the joints,
•possibly loss of excess body fat,
•possibly reduced chance of premature heart attack
•Healthy body and mind.
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Injuries to JOINTS, MUSCLES and
BONES
• SPRAINS joint is forced beyond its normal
degree of movement ligament totally or
partially torn
• STRAINS violent contraction of the muscle
some of the fibres are torn
• DISLOCATIONS bones at a joint become
displaced as a result of a violent movement.
Usually ligaments also damaged
• FRACTURES a bone is broken
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
There are about 60 muscles in the face.
Smiling is easier than
frowning.
It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown.
Smile and make someone happy.

More Related Content

What's hot

Anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology Anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology Younas Bhatti
 
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
 Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyYukti Sharma
 
Systems of the Human Body
Systems of the Human Body Systems of the Human Body
Systems of the Human Body Jenny Dixon
 
Anatomy powerpoint
Anatomy powerpoint Anatomy powerpoint
Anatomy powerpoint mrsdavison
 
Human Body Systems Presentation
Human Body Systems PresentationHuman Body Systems Presentation
Human Body Systems Presentationericgreen
 
Muscular System Overview
Muscular System OverviewMuscular System Overview
Muscular System Overviewlevouge777
 
Ergonomics- Nervous Control of movement
Ergonomics- Nervous Control of movementErgonomics- Nervous Control of movement
Ergonomics- Nervous Control of movementgideonlijua
 
Skeletal and Muscular System
Skeletal and Muscular System Skeletal and Muscular System
Skeletal and Muscular System Jenny Dixon
 
Anatomy of hip and lower limb bones
Anatomy of hip and lower limb bonesAnatomy of hip and lower limb bones
Anatomy of hip and lower limb bonesAlio Hersi
 
Chapter 1 biomechanic
Chapter 1 biomechanicChapter 1 biomechanic
Chapter 1 biomechanichendry thomas
 
The skeletal and muscular system
The skeletal and muscular systemThe skeletal and muscular system
The skeletal and muscular systemReem Bakr
 
GCSE PE Revision: Antagonistic muscle pairs
GCSE PE Revision: Antagonistic muscle pairsGCSE PE Revision: Antagonistic muscle pairs
GCSE PE Revision: Antagonistic muscle pairsUELPhysEd
 
bones and muscles of upper limb
bones and muscles of upper limbbones and muscles of upper limb
bones and muscles of upper limbAqsa Mushtaq
 
The musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal systemThe musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal systemMaria Casadevall
 

What's hot (20)

Human body system
Human body systemHuman body system
Human body system
 
Anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology Anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology
 
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
 Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
 
Systems of the Human Body
Systems of the Human Body Systems of the Human Body
Systems of the Human Body
 
Muscular system
Muscular systemMuscular system
Muscular system
 
Anatomy powerpoint
Anatomy powerpoint Anatomy powerpoint
Anatomy powerpoint
 
Human Body Systems Presentation
Human Body Systems PresentationHuman Body Systems Presentation
Human Body Systems Presentation
 
Muscular System Overview
Muscular System OverviewMuscular System Overview
Muscular System Overview
 
Planes & axes
Planes & axesPlanes & axes
Planes & axes
 
Ergonomics- Nervous Control of movement
Ergonomics- Nervous Control of movementErgonomics- Nervous Control of movement
Ergonomics- Nervous Control of movement
 
Skeletal and Muscular System
Skeletal and Muscular System Skeletal and Muscular System
Skeletal and Muscular System
 
Anatomy of hip and lower limb bones
Anatomy of hip and lower limb bonesAnatomy of hip and lower limb bones
Anatomy of hip and lower limb bones
 
Musculoskeleton system
Musculoskeleton systemMusculoskeleton system
Musculoskeleton system
 
Chapter 1 biomechanic
Chapter 1 biomechanicChapter 1 biomechanic
Chapter 1 biomechanic
 
Digestive system
Digestive systemDigestive system
Digestive system
 
A Brief on Human Body System by Dipankar Dey
A Brief on Human Body System by Dipankar DeyA Brief on Human Body System by Dipankar Dey
A Brief on Human Body System by Dipankar Dey
 
The skeletal and muscular system
The skeletal and muscular systemThe skeletal and muscular system
The skeletal and muscular system
 
GCSE PE Revision: Antagonistic muscle pairs
GCSE PE Revision: Antagonistic muscle pairsGCSE PE Revision: Antagonistic muscle pairs
GCSE PE Revision: Antagonistic muscle pairs
 
bones and muscles of upper limb
bones and muscles of upper limbbones and muscles of upper limb
bones and muscles of upper limb
 
The musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal systemThe musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system
 

Viewers also liked

Power Point Presentation Part 1
Power Point Presentation Part 1Power Point Presentation Part 1
Power Point Presentation Part 1doyle2tk
 
Skeletal system powerpoint
Skeletal system powerpointSkeletal system powerpoint
Skeletal system powerpointAllison Miller
 
Skeletal System Ppt
Skeletal System PptSkeletal System Ppt
Skeletal System Pptshas595
 
The Skeletal System
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
The Skeletal Systemdfugate
 
The skeletal system (slide show)
The skeletal system (slide show)The skeletal system (slide show)
The skeletal system (slide show)William Banaag
 
Human Skeletal System
Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System
Human Skeletal Systemguest94b8a5
 
Interactive Powerpoint: Skeletal System
Interactive Powerpoint: Skeletal SystemInteractive Powerpoint: Skeletal System
Interactive Powerpoint: Skeletal Systembranderj
 

Viewers also liked (8)

SKELETAL SYSTEM PP for Kids
SKELETAL SYSTEM PP for KidsSKELETAL SYSTEM PP for Kids
SKELETAL SYSTEM PP for Kids
 
Power Point Presentation Part 1
Power Point Presentation Part 1Power Point Presentation Part 1
Power Point Presentation Part 1
 
Skeletal system powerpoint
Skeletal system powerpointSkeletal system powerpoint
Skeletal system powerpoint
 
Skeletal System Ppt
Skeletal System PptSkeletal System Ppt
Skeletal System Ppt
 
The Skeletal System
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
The Skeletal System
 
The skeletal system (slide show)
The skeletal system (slide show)The skeletal system (slide show)
The skeletal system (slide show)
 
Human Skeletal System
Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System
Human Skeletal System
 
Interactive Powerpoint: Skeletal System
Interactive Powerpoint: Skeletal SystemInteractive Powerpoint: Skeletal System
Interactive Powerpoint: Skeletal System
 

Similar to Skeleton, muscles and movement mine

overview of A AND PHY.pptx
overview of A AND PHY.pptxoverview of A AND PHY.pptx
overview of A AND PHY.pptxMohammedAbdela7
 
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ppt.pptx
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ppt.pptxTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM ppt.pptx
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ppt.pptxAbhishek Borkar15
 
Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal System Kazi Ornob
 
Anatomy and PhysiologySkeletal system II
 Anatomy and PhysiologySkeletal system II Anatomy and PhysiologySkeletal system II
Anatomy and PhysiologySkeletal system IImrhunterspage
 
ANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.pptxKamauNDavid
 
Anatomy of musculoskeletal system
Anatomy of musculoskeletal systemAnatomy of musculoskeletal system
Anatomy of musculoskeletal systemBalaji Bubly Babu
 
Skeletal+system
Skeletal+systemSkeletal+system
Skeletal+systemdieter95
 
Skeletal System PowerPoint.pptx
Skeletal System PowerPoint.pptxSkeletal System PowerPoint.pptx
Skeletal System PowerPoint.pptxgurudra1
 
Skeletalsystem 111027103336-phpapp01
Skeletalsystem 111027103336-phpapp01Skeletalsystem 111027103336-phpapp01
Skeletalsystem 111027103336-phpapp01BobbyPabores1
 
Unit ii, chapter-2- skeletal system
Unit ii, chapter-2- skeletal systemUnit ii, chapter-2- skeletal system
Unit ii, chapter-2- skeletal systemAudumbar Mali
 
Class 6 chapter 8 ppt 2
Class 6 chapter 8 ppt 2Class 6 chapter 8 ppt 2
Class 6 chapter 8 ppt 2Ashish Jaswal
 
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bachelors zoology botany chemistry
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bachelors zoology botany chemistryTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bachelors zoology botany chemistry
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bachelors zoology botany chemistryabhiasido310101
 

Similar to Skeleton, muscles and movement mine (20)

Musculos esqueleto 12A
Musculos esqueleto 12AMusculos esqueleto 12A
Musculos esqueleto 12A
 
Skeletal system
Skeletal systemSkeletal system
Skeletal system
 
overview of A AND PHY.pptx
overview of A AND PHY.pptxoverview of A AND PHY.pptx
overview of A AND PHY.pptx
 
Human Skeletal system
Human Skeletal systemHuman Skeletal system
Human Skeletal system
 
MSS-pdf.pdf
MSS-pdf.pdfMSS-pdf.pdf
MSS-pdf.pdf
 
Introduction of anatomy
Introduction of anatomyIntroduction of anatomy
Introduction of anatomy
 
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ppt.pptx
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ppt.pptxTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM ppt.pptx
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ppt.pptx
 
Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal System
 
Anatomy and PhysiologySkeletal system II
 Anatomy and PhysiologySkeletal system II Anatomy and PhysiologySkeletal system II
Anatomy and PhysiologySkeletal system II
 
The skeletomuscular.ppsx
The skeletomuscular.ppsxThe skeletomuscular.ppsx
The skeletomuscular.ppsx
 
ANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.pptx
 
Anatomy of musculoskeletal system
Anatomy of musculoskeletal systemAnatomy of musculoskeletal system
Anatomy of musculoskeletal system
 
Skeletal+system
Skeletal+systemSkeletal+system
Skeletal+system
 
Skeletal system
Skeletal system Skeletal system
Skeletal system
 
Skeletal System PowerPoint.pptx
Skeletal System PowerPoint.pptxSkeletal System PowerPoint.pptx
Skeletal System PowerPoint.pptx
 
Skeletalsystem 111027103336-phpapp01
Skeletalsystem 111027103336-phpapp01Skeletalsystem 111027103336-phpapp01
Skeletalsystem 111027103336-phpapp01
 
Unit ii, chapter-2- skeletal system
Unit ii, chapter-2- skeletal systemUnit ii, chapter-2- skeletal system
Unit ii, chapter-2- skeletal system
 
Skeletal System
Skeletal SystemSkeletal System
Skeletal System
 
Class 6 chapter 8 ppt 2
Class 6 chapter 8 ppt 2Class 6 chapter 8 ppt 2
Class 6 chapter 8 ppt 2
 
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bachelors zoology botany chemistry
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bachelors zoology botany chemistryTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bachelors zoology botany chemistry
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bachelors zoology botany chemistry
 

More from Andrea Sánchez del Rio

Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga LineSynthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga LineAndrea Sánchez del Rio
 
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4toNervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4toAndrea Sánchez del Rio
 

More from Andrea Sánchez del Rio (20)

Digestive System short 2019
Digestive System  short 2019Digestive System  short 2019
Digestive System short 2019
 
4to respiratory system for students
4to respiratory system for students4to respiratory system for students
4to respiratory system for students
 
3ero 1 historyof life mine
3ero 1 historyof life mine3ero 1 historyof life mine
3ero 1 historyof life mine
 
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga LineSynthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
 
3rd 10 units 10 11 students
3rd 10 units 10 11 students3rd 10 units 10 11 students
3rd 10 units 10 11 students
 
4to 9 human reproduction for students
4to 9 human reproduction for students4to 9 human reproduction for students
4to 9 human reproduction for students
 
4to 4 excretion
4to 4 excretion4to 4 excretion
4to 4 excretion
 
3ero 4 enzymes mine
3ero 4 enzymes mine3ero 4 enzymes mine
3ero 4 enzymes mine
 
3ero 3 chemicals of life mine
3ero 3 chemicals of life mine3ero 3 chemicals of life mine
3ero 3 chemicals of life mine
 
Endocrine system mine for 4th
Endocrine system mine for 4thEndocrine system mine for 4th
Endocrine system mine for 4th
 
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4toNervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
 
Circulatory system mine for 3rd
Circulatory system mine for 3rdCirculatory system mine for 3rd
Circulatory system mine for 3rd
 
Skin homeostasis
Skin homeostasisSkin homeostasis
Skin homeostasis
 
Plant structure function and transport
Plant structure function and transportPlant structure function and transport
Plant structure function and transport
 
Plants don't go to Coto
Plants don't go to CotoPlants don't go to Coto
Plants don't go to Coto
 
Lymphatic system mine
Lymphatic system mineLymphatic system mine
Lymphatic system mine
 
Transport in cells 3rd
Transport in cells 3rdTransport in cells 3rd
Transport in cells 3rd
 
Respiration 3rd
Respiration 3rdRespiration 3rd
Respiration 3rd
 
Biology unit 1 cell (reparado)
Biology unit 1 cell (reparado)Biology unit 1 cell (reparado)
Biology unit 1 cell (reparado)
 
Cell and functions unit 1 mine
Cell and functions unit 1 mineCell and functions unit 1 mine
Cell and functions unit 1 mine
 

Recently uploaded

ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
 
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptxORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptxNIKITA BHUTE
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.whalesdesign
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyMedicoseAcademics
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfDolisha Warbi
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfHongBiThi1
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectiondrhanifmohdali
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxNaveenkumar267201
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentsaileshpanda05
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfHongBiThi1
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptPradnya Wadekar
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaSujoy Dasgupta
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdfHongBiThi1
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisSujoy Dasgupta
 

Recently uploaded (20)

ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
 
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptxORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
 
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
 
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
 
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
 
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing studentCPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
CPR.nursingoutlook.pdf , Bsc nursing student
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
 

Skeleton, muscles and movement mine

  • 1. Lesson Overview The Skeletal SystemLesson Overview The Skeletal System •Who won the skeleton beauty contest? • No body •What do skeletons say before they begin dining? •Bone appetit ! Why didn't the skeleton dance at the Halloween party? •It had no body to dance with! •What did the skeleton say while riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle? •I'm bone to be wild! • Who was the most famous French skeleton? •Napoleon bone-apart •What instrument do skeletons play? •Trom-BONE. •Why couldn't the skeleton cross the road? •He didn't have the guts. •How did the skeleton know it was going to rain ? •He could feel it in his bones ! •How do skeletons call their friends ? •On the telebone ! •What do you call a skeleton who won't get up in the mornings ? •Lazy bones •Why don't skeletons play music in church ? •They have no organs ! • What is a skeleton ? •Somebody on a diet who forgot to say "when" ! !
  • 2. Lesson Overview The Skeletal SystemLesson Overview The Skeletal System EXOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON
  • 3. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Skeletal System
  • 4. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System What are the functions of the skeletal system? Support – rigid framework that maintains the shape of the body; supports the organs suspended within it. Protection – soft and delicate tissues and organs are protected by the skeleton. Movement – muscles can attach to the bones. Production of blood cells – red and white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Storage of minerals (and lipids) – calcium and phosphorus levels are maintained by storing the excess in the bones.
  • 5. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
  • 6. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Structure of the Skeleton There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton. 22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage 4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle Divided into axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
  • 7. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Structure of the Skeleton The axial skeleton supports the central axis of the body and consists of : • Skull (cranium and facial bones) – The cranium has a number of flat bones fitted together at immovable joints. • Vertebral column – The backbone has 33 bones called vertebrae placed end to end, each separated from the other by a cartilage disc. • Ribcage and sternum
  • 8. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Structure of the Skeleton The bones of the arms and legs, along with the bones of the pelvis and shoulder area, form the appendicular skeleton. • Arms and legs – The upper part of the limbs consists of single long bones – the humerus in the arm, and the femur in the leg. – The lower part of the limbs has a pair of bones below the elbow or knee – the radius and ulna in the arms, and the tibia and fibula in the legs. • Pectoral and pelvic girdles – The pectoral, or shoulder, girdle, consists of the clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade). This girdle connects the humerus to the rest of the skeleton. – The pelvic girdle consists of two halves. These two hip bones (sacrum, coccyx) form a hollow cavity known as the pelvis. This girdle connects the femur to the rest of the skeleton.
  • 9. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Bones • Made of layers of living tissue • Covered with a tough, tight-fitting membrane called the periosteum
  • 10. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Bones What is the structure of a typical human bone? A bone is a solid network of living cells and protein fibers (collagen) that are surrounded by deposits of calcium and magnesium salts . which is mostly stored fat.
  • 11. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Adults continually break down and build up bone Osteoclasts remove damaged cells and release calcium into blood Osteoblasts remove calcium from blood and build a new matrix.
  • 12. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Compact Bone • Directly under the periosteum • Hard, strong layer • Gives bones strength • Contains deposits of calcium phosphate • Contains bone cells and blood vessels
  • 13. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Spongy Bone • Located at the ends of long bones • Has many small, open spaces that make bones lightweight • Filled with a substance called marrow – yellow composed of fat cells – red produces red blood cells
  • 14. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape *Longer than wide *Bear weight *About same length as width *Bear weight Thin and usually curved Protect brain and thoracic organs Skeletal System (e) Sesamoid (e.g.,Patella) Small and round
  • 15. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
  • 16. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Characteristics of cartilage • Smooth ,glossy ,flexible thick layer of tissue • It doesn’t contain very many minerals although it contains collagen • Does not contain blood vessels • Covers the ends of bones • Spread loads, reduces friction, and allows flexible movement, acts as a shock absorber
  • 17. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System The Vertebral Column 33 Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location The spinal cord runs through an arch of bone formed by the vertebrae
  • 18. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
  • 19. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System The Skull or Cranium •The skull protects the brain, most of the organs of the senses and entrances to respiratory and digestive systems. The skull has 28 bones (14 belong to the face) join by immovable joints can’t move at all. They either interlock or overlap. hinged to the skull
  • 20. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
  • 21. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Thoracic Cage Commonly called the rib cage Protects the heart, lungs, and other organs of the thoracic cavity Encloses the thoracic cavity Composed of twelve pairs of ribs and the sternum (breast plate or bone)
  • 22. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System The classification of ribs: 1. True ribs – 1st 7 pairs that attach directly to the sternum by the coastal cartilage 2. False ribs – inferior 5 pairs that connect indirectly (first 3 pairs) to the sternum or do not attach at all to the sternum (last two pairs) 3. Floating ribs – the last two pairs of false ribs that are not attached at all
  • 23. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Bones of upper limb Humerus (upper arm) Radius; ulna Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Bones of lower limb Femur Patella Tibia, fibula Tarsals, metatarslas, phalanges
  • 24. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
  • 25. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
  • 26. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System How are bones connected together? • By Ligaments: A ligament is a tough band of white, fibrous, slightly elastic tissue. This is an essential part of the skeletal joints; binding the bone ends together to prevent dislocation and excessive movement that might cause breakage. Ligaments also support many internal organs; including the uterus, the bladder, the liver, and the diaphragm . • By Joints: constructed to both allow movement and provide mechanical support.
  • 27. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System • Joints are where two, or more, bones meet. • They are divided up into three types depending on how freely the bones can move:  Immovable  slightly movable  freely movable • Joints contain connective tissues that hold bones together. • Joints permit bones to move without damaging each other. • If we did not have joints no movement would occur.
  • 28. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System • Joints • Immovable: bones sutured together by connective tissue: skull • Slightly movable connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage: vertebrae, rib/sternum joint, pubic • Freely movable – separated ligaments- hold bones together tendons- muscle to bone lined by synovial membrane
  • 29. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Types of Joints Hinge- 
A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)
  • 30. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Ball and Socket- 
A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
  • 31. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Gliding- 
In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid- tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands, Feet)
  • 32. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. (Thumb)
  • 33. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System • Pivot: Rounded or conical surfaces of one bone fit into a ring of one or tendon allowing rotation. An example is the joint between the axis and atlas in the neck. Examples • The joint between the atlas and axis. • The joint between the radius and ulna.
  • 34. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Types of movement and examples (with muscles) flexion- move lower leg toward upper extension- straightening the leg abduction- moving leg away from body adduction- movong leg toward the body rotation- around its axis supination- rotation of arm to palm-up position pronation- palm down circumduction- swinging arms in circles inversion- turning foot so sole is inward eversion- sole is out
  • 35. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Freely moveable joints Or Synovial joints. • Outer sleeve is called the joint capsule. – It holds bones together & protects joint. – It is an extension of the skin or periosteum that covers the bone. • A synovial membrane. – Lines the capsule and oozes a slippery liquid called synovial fluid. • A joint cavity. – A small gap between the bones. – Filled with synovial fluid. – Lubricates the joint so the joint moves more freely. • A covering of smooth slippery cartilage at the end of the bones. – Stops the bones knocking together. • Ligaments which hold the bones together.
  • 36. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System • Ligament• Tendon • Join bone to bone (joint) and hold joints in place. • Its matrix contains yellow elastin fibres • Elastic but tough • Allows movement at the joint • Connects muscle to bone (normally one tendon to a non-moving part and another tendon to a movable part) • Its matrix contains white fibrous collagen • Tough and do not stretch • They don’t stretch when the muscle contracts to move the bone
  • 37. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Diseases and Conditions of the Skeletal System * Arthritis * Bursitis Inflammation of the Bursa sac *Tendonitis most common cause of tendonitis is overuse of the tendons. * Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: swelling or change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel squeezes and irritates the median nerve. It causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers * Osteoporosis bones have lost minerals (especially calcium) making them weak, brittle, and susceptible to fractures
  • 38. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System * Scoliosis abnormal curvature of the spine. More girls than boys have severe scoliosis. * Kyphosis spine may develop a hump * Lordosis A curvature of the vertebrae in the lower back area *Rickets softening and weakening of bones in children *Acromegaly occurs when the body produces too much of the hormones that control growth, tissues grow larger than normal
  • 39. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System • How many muscles are there in the human body? – Answer: 640 Muscles – The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass. • What is the longest muscle in the body? – Answer: The Sartorius – The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards. • What is the smallest muscle in the body? Would you like to see it? – Answer: The Stapedius – The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing. • What is the biggest muscle in the body? – Answer: The Gluteus Maximus – The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards powerfully for walking and running. TRIVIA!
  • 40. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System • back
  • 41. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Functions of the Muscles • Movement • Heat production • Maintenance of posture and muscle tone • Protects the bones and internal organs.
  • 42. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Muscle Classification • Functionally –Voluntary – can be moved at will –Involuntary – can’t be moved intentionally • Structurally –Striated – have stripes across the fiber –Smooth – no striations
  • 43. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Chart Title Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle 3 Types of Muscles The 3 Types of Muscles
  • 44. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Smooth Muscle • Fibers are thin and in layers • No striations • Single nuclei • Involuntary • Contracts and fatigues slowly Found in the * circulatory system (Lining of the blood vessels) Helps in the circulation of the blood *digestive system (Esophagus, stomach, intestine) Controls digestion *respiratory system Controls breathing *urinary system (Urinary bladder) Controls urination
  • 45. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Cardiac Muscle • Cells are branched and appear fused with one another • Has striations • Each cell has a central nuclei • Involuntary • Found ONLY in the heart • Contractions of the heart muscles pump blood throughout the body and account for the heartbeat. • Healthy cardiac muscle NEVER fatigues  or else…
  • 46. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Skeletal Muscle  Fibers are long and cylindrical (arranged in bundles)  Has many nuclei  Has striations  Have alternating dark and light bands  Voluntary • Attached to skeleton by tendons • Causes movement of bones at the joints. • And yes… they do fatigue what substance forms causing muscle fatigue???
  • 47. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Functions of Skeletal Muscle • Movement – muscle move bones by pulling not pushing. – Antagonists – muscles and muscle groups usually work in pairs – example the biceps flex your arm and its partner the triceps extend your arm. The two muscles are antagonists, i.e. cause opposite actions. – when one contracts the other relaxes. – Levators – muscle that raise a body part.
  • 48. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
  • 49. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Functions of Skeletal Muscle • Maintenance of posture or muscle tone – We are able to maintain our body position because of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These contractions don’t produce movement yet hold our muscles in position. • Heat production – contraction of muscles produces most of the heat required to maintain body temperature.
  • 50. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Structure of Skeletal Muscle • Composed of striated muscle cells (=muscle fibers) and connective tissue. – Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have a moveable joint between them. • The attachment to the bone that does not move is the origin. • The attachment to the bone that moves is the insertion. – Tendons anchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendons are made of dense fibrous connective tissue. – Ligaments connect bone to bone at a joint.
  • 51. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Structure of Skeletal Muscle • Contribution of the nervous system Electrochemical impulses travel from the frontal lobes via motor nerves to the muscle fibers and cause them to contract. Sensation is a function of the brain – impulses are integrated in the parietal lobes of the cerebrum (conscious muscle sense) and in the cerebellum (unconscious). These activities promote coordination.
  • 52. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
  • 53. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Structure of Skeletal Muscle - Muscle cells are filled with 2 types of fine threadlike proteins called myofilaments: myosin (thick) and actin (thin). are arranged in the cells in small units called sarcomeres. These structures slide past each other causing the muscle cell to contract or shorten.
  • 54. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Muscle Contraction • Sequence – Electrical impulse travels down a motor neuron. It causes an electrical impulse to spread over the cell. – The sarcomeres shorten and the muscle cell contracts. (FIBRES AND CELLS CANNOT ELONGATE)
  • 55. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Movement of Muscles • Origin: the attachment of the muscle to the bone that remains stationary • Insertion: the attachment of the muscle to the bone that moves • Belly: the fleshy part of the muscle between the tendons of origin and/or insertion origin insertion belly
  • 56. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Categories of skeletal muscle actions • Categories Actions • Extensor Increases the angle at a joint • Flexor Decreases the angle at a joint • Abductor Moves limb away from midline of body • Adductor Moves limb toward midline of body • Levator Moves insertion upward • Depressor Moves insertion downward • Rotator Rotates a bone along its axis • Sphincter Constricts an opening
  • 57. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Skeletal muscles usually work in pairs. E.g. The biceps and triceps muscles attached to the scapula at the top and to the radius at the bottom flexor muscle. extensor muscle. As they bring about opposite effects, the biceps and triceps are examples of antagonistic muscles. A small contraction of the muscle will produce a large movement at the end of the limb
  • 58. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System • After exercise =>HIGH LEVEL of O2 consumption PERSISTS until the excess of LACTIC ACID is oxidized : • Accumulation of Lactic acid causes CRAMPS and MUSCULAR FATIGUE Glucose Glucose PYRUVIC ACIDLACTIC ACID 2 ATP LACTIC ACID PYRUVIC ACID BLOOD MUSCLE LIVER CORI CYCLE Only in EXTREME MUSCULAR ACTIVITY 6 ATPGLUCO NEO GENESIS OXYGEN DEBT Volume of O2 needed to complete oxidize the lactic acid
  • 59. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System
  • 60. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Long-term benefits of exercise. •increase in size of the muscles used, •reduction of heart rate and increase in stroke volume, •more enzymes made in the muscles, •stronger ligaments and tendons, •more flexibility at the joints, •possibly loss of excess body fat, •possibly reduced chance of premature heart attack •Healthy body and mind.
  • 61. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Injuries to JOINTS, MUSCLES and BONES • SPRAINS joint is forced beyond its normal degree of movement ligament totally or partially torn • STRAINS violent contraction of the muscle some of the fibres are torn • DISLOCATIONS bones at a joint become displaced as a result of a violent movement. Usually ligaments also damaged • FRACTURES a bone is broken
  • 62. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
  • 63. Lesson Overview The Skeletal System There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is easier than frowning. It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown. Smile and make someone happy.