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Sociology of Education
Intro. to Sociology
Course Outline

• An Overview of Education and Religion
• Sociological Perspectives on Education
• Problems Within Elementary and Secondary
  Schools
• Opportunities and Challenges in Colleges and
  Universities
An Overview of Education
and Religion
• Education and religion are socializing institutions.

• The sociology of education examines formal education
  or schooling in industrial societies.

• The sociology of religion focuses on religious groups and
  organizations, on the behavior of individuals within those
  groups, and how religion is intertwined with other social
  institutions.
Education
• The social institution responsible for the
  transmission of knowledge, skills, and
  cultural values within a formally organized
  structure.

• In all societies, people must acquire certain
  knowledge and skills in order to survive.
   – In simple technology societies, this might
     include hunting, gathering, fishing and farming.
   – In complex technology societies, knowledge
     and skills are related to the requirements of the
     job market.
Sociological Perspectives on
Education
• Functionalists suggest that education
  contributes to the maintenance of society
  and provides opportunity for upward
  social mobility, and meritocracy.

• Conflict theorists argue that education
  perpetuates social stratification.

• Symbolic interactionists focus on
  classroom dynamics and the effect of
  self-concept on grades and aspirations.
Manifest Functions of
Education

         •   Socialization
         •   Transmission of culture
         •   Social control
         •   Social placement
         •   Change and innovation
Latent Functions of
Education


         • Restricting some
           activities.
         • Matchmaking and
           production of social
           networks.
         • Creating a generation
           gap.
Conflict Perspectives

• Education reproduces existing class
  relationships.

• Unequal funding is a source of
  inequality in education.

• Access to colleges and universities is
  determined not only by academic
  record but also by the ability to pay.
Cultural Capital and Class
Reproduction
• According to the sociologist Pierre
  Bourdieu, students come to school
  with different amounts of cultural
  capital.
  – socially approved dress and manners,
    knowledge about books, art, music


• The educational system teaches
  and reinforces values that sustain
  the elite’s position in society.
Tracking and Social
Inequality
• Tracking is the practice of assigning
  students to specific groups based on
  their test scores, previous grades, or
  other criteria.

• Conflict theorists believe tracking
  affects educational performance and
  overall academic acheivement.
The Hidden Curriculum
• A study of five elementary schools in different
  communities found:
   – Schools for working-class students
     emphasize procedures and rote
     memorization.
   – Schools for middle-class students stress the
     processes involved in getting the right
     answer.
• Schools for affluent students focus on activities
  in which students express their own ideas.
• Schools for students from elite families work to
  develop critical thinking skills, applying abstract
  principles to problem solving.
Symbolic Interactionist
Perspecitive
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy - students
  perform according to expectations
  of teachers.
  – Girls learn to attribute success to
    effort.
  – Boys learn to attribute success to
    intelligence.
Unequal Funding of Public
Schools
• State and local governments contribute
  about 47% each toward education and the
  federal government pays the remaining 6%.

• In recent years, some states have been
  held accountable for unequal funding that
  results in rich and poor school districts.

• Voucher systems would allow families to
  spend government money to purchase
  education at the school of their choice.
School Violence
• In the 1990’s violent acts resulted in
  numerous deaths in schools across
  the nation.

• Schools in Pearl, Mississippi, West
  Paducah, Kentucky, Jonesboro,
  Arkansas, Springfield, Oregon, and
  Littleton, Colorado, witnessed a series
  of killings in schools by students that
  shocked people across the world.
Contrary to public perception, violent crime in schools has
 declined dramatically since 1994. The annual rate of serious
violent crime in 2007 (40 per 1,000 students)was less than half
 of the rate in 1994. These data are victim reports collected as
  part of the National Crime Victimization Survey and are not
                   derived from school records.
The rate of homicides in U.S. schools has declined substantially since
the early 1990s. There was an apparent interruption in the downward
  trend during a period of highly publicized shootings that may have
                 generated some copycat shootings.
Dropping Out
• About 10% of people between the
  ages of 14 and 24 left school before
  earning a high school diploma.

• Dropout Rates:
  –   Latinos/(Hispanics) - 24%
  –   African Americans - 12.2%
  –   non-Hispanic whites - 7.9%
  –   Asian Americans - 1%
Racial Segregation and
Desegregation
• In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled
  that “separate but equal” segregated
  schools are unconstitutional.

• Five decades later, racial segregation
  remains a fact of life in education.

• Efforts to bring about desegregation or
  integration have failed in districts
  throughout the country
Community Colleges
• In 1948 a presidential commission
  report called for the establishment of
  a network of public community
  colleges that would:
  – charge little or no tuition
  – serve as cultural centers
  – be comprehensive in their program
    offerings
  – serve the area in which they were
    located.
Community Colleges
• According to the American Association of Community
  Colleges (2005):
   – There are 1,166 community colleges in the U.S.
   – They enroll almost 12 million students.
   – Community college enrollment accounts for 46% of
     U.S. undergraduates.
   – Almost 40% of community college students receive
     financial aid.
   – Women make up 58% of community college
     students.
The Cost of a College
Education
• According to some social analysts, a
  college education is a bargain at about
  $90 a day for private schools or $35 for
  public schools.

• Others believe that students who lack
  money may be denied access to higher
  education, and those who are able to
  attend college tend to receive different
  types of education based on their ability
  to pay.
Racial and Ethnic Differences
 in Enrollment
• Latina/o enrollment as a percentage of total college
  enrollment increased from 5.7% to 9.8% between 1990
  and 2001.

• Although African American enrollment increased between
  1990 and 2001, today it remains at 11%.

• Native American enrollment rates have remained at
  about 0.9% from the 1970s to the 2000s; however, tribal
  colleges on reservations have experienced an increase in
  enrollment.
Educational Achievement:
Persons 25 and Older

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Sociology of education

  • 2. Course Outline • An Overview of Education and Religion • Sociological Perspectives on Education • Problems Within Elementary and Secondary Schools • Opportunities and Challenges in Colleges and Universities
  • 3. An Overview of Education and Religion • Education and religion are socializing institutions. • The sociology of education examines formal education or schooling in industrial societies. • The sociology of religion focuses on religious groups and organizations, on the behavior of individuals within those groups, and how religion is intertwined with other social institutions.
  • 4. Education • The social institution responsible for the transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure. • In all societies, people must acquire certain knowledge and skills in order to survive. – In simple technology societies, this might include hunting, gathering, fishing and farming. – In complex technology societies, knowledge and skills are related to the requirements of the job market.
  • 5. Sociological Perspectives on Education • Functionalists suggest that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides opportunity for upward social mobility, and meritocracy. • Conflict theorists argue that education perpetuates social stratification. • Symbolic interactionists focus on classroom dynamics and the effect of self-concept on grades and aspirations.
  • 6. Manifest Functions of Education • Socialization • Transmission of culture • Social control • Social placement • Change and innovation
  • 7. Latent Functions of Education • Restricting some activities. • Matchmaking and production of social networks. • Creating a generation gap.
  • 8. Conflict Perspectives • Education reproduces existing class relationships. • Unequal funding is a source of inequality in education. • Access to colleges and universities is determined not only by academic record but also by the ability to pay.
  • 9. Cultural Capital and Class Reproduction • According to the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, students come to school with different amounts of cultural capital. – socially approved dress and manners, knowledge about books, art, music • The educational system teaches and reinforces values that sustain the elite’s position in society.
  • 10. Tracking and Social Inequality • Tracking is the practice of assigning students to specific groups based on their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria. • Conflict theorists believe tracking affects educational performance and overall academic acheivement.
  • 11. The Hidden Curriculum • A study of five elementary schools in different communities found: – Schools for working-class students emphasize procedures and rote memorization. – Schools for middle-class students stress the processes involved in getting the right answer. • Schools for affluent students focus on activities in which students express their own ideas. • Schools for students from elite families work to develop critical thinking skills, applying abstract principles to problem solving.
  • 12. Symbolic Interactionist Perspecitive • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy - students perform according to expectations of teachers. – Girls learn to attribute success to effort. – Boys learn to attribute success to intelligence.
  • 13. Unequal Funding of Public Schools • State and local governments contribute about 47% each toward education and the federal government pays the remaining 6%. • In recent years, some states have been held accountable for unequal funding that results in rich and poor school districts. • Voucher systems would allow families to spend government money to purchase education at the school of their choice.
  • 14. School Violence • In the 1990’s violent acts resulted in numerous deaths in schools across the nation. • Schools in Pearl, Mississippi, West Paducah, Kentucky, Jonesboro, Arkansas, Springfield, Oregon, and Littleton, Colorado, witnessed a series of killings in schools by students that shocked people across the world.
  • 15. Contrary to public perception, violent crime in schools has declined dramatically since 1994. The annual rate of serious violent crime in 2007 (40 per 1,000 students)was less than half of the rate in 1994. These data are victim reports collected as part of the National Crime Victimization Survey and are not derived from school records.
  • 16. The rate of homicides in U.S. schools has declined substantially since the early 1990s. There was an apparent interruption in the downward trend during a period of highly publicized shootings that may have generated some copycat shootings.
  • 17. Dropping Out • About 10% of people between the ages of 14 and 24 left school before earning a high school diploma. • Dropout Rates: – Latinos/(Hispanics) - 24% – African Americans - 12.2% – non-Hispanic whites - 7.9% – Asian Americans - 1%
  • 18. Racial Segregation and Desegregation • In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” segregated schools are unconstitutional. • Five decades later, racial segregation remains a fact of life in education. • Efforts to bring about desegregation or integration have failed in districts throughout the country
  • 19. Community Colleges • In 1948 a presidential commission report called for the establishment of a network of public community colleges that would: – charge little or no tuition – serve as cultural centers – be comprehensive in their program offerings – serve the area in which they were located.
  • 20. Community Colleges • According to the American Association of Community Colleges (2005): – There are 1,166 community colleges in the U.S. – They enroll almost 12 million students. – Community college enrollment accounts for 46% of U.S. undergraduates. – Almost 40% of community college students receive financial aid. – Women make up 58% of community college students.
  • 21. The Cost of a College Education • According to some social analysts, a college education is a bargain at about $90 a day for private schools or $35 for public schools. • Others believe that students who lack money may be denied access to higher education, and those who are able to attend college tend to receive different types of education based on their ability to pay.
  • 22. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Enrollment • Latina/o enrollment as a percentage of total college enrollment increased from 5.7% to 9.8% between 1990 and 2001. • Although African American enrollment increased between 1990 and 2001, today it remains at 11%. • Native American enrollment rates have remained at about 0.9% from the 1970s to the 2000s; however, tribal colleges on reservations have experienced an increase in enrollment.

Editor's Notes

  1. Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), 2007. Cited in Figure 2.2 in Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2007; National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=1762)
  2. Source: These are cases identified from records of the National School Safety Center. (http://www.schoolsafety.us/) Each case in this chart represents an incident with one or more fatalities that was perpetrated by a student on school grounds. Cases not involving student perpetrators or occurring off school grounds (i.e., near a school) are not included.