This document provides an overview of the muscular system, including the three types of muscle tissues (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac), the structure and function of skeletal muscle tissue, and the mechanisms of muscle contraction and relaxation. Key points covered include the sliding filament model of contraction, excitation-contraction coupling, and the roles of calcium ions, ATP, and cross-bridge cycling in the contraction process. Energy sources like creatine phosphate and cellular respiration are also discussed.

1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 9 Lecture PowerPoint

2. 2401 Anatomy and Physiology I Chapter 9 Susan Gossett [email_address] Department of Biology Paris Junior College

3. Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 9 Muscular System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13. 9.1 Clinical Application Myasthenia Gravis

26. Length-Tension Relationship Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (b) Overly shortened (c) Overly stretched (a) Optimal length Muscle fiber length Force

32. 9.2 Clinical Application Use and Disuse of Skeletal Muscles

37. Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

40. Levers and Movement Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Radius Resistance Resistance Fulcrum Ulna (a) (b) Fulcrum Force Force Forearm movement Biceps brachii contracting muscle Relaxed muscle Triceps brachii contracting muscle Relaxed muscle Movement Movement

43. 9.8: Major Skeletal Muscles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Brachioradialis Frontalis Deltoid Brachialis Biceps brachii Gracilis Vastus medialis Gastrocnemius Soleus Trapezius Tibialis anterior External oblique Sartorius Rectus femoris Adductor longus Vastus lateralis Fibularis longus Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus Masseter Orbicularis oris Sternocleido- mastoid Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Rectus abdominis Extensor digitorum longus Tensor fasciae latae

44. Major Skeletal Muscles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Gracilis Rhomboid Infraspinatus Gluteus medius Vastus lateralis Sartorius Soleus Fibularis longus Brachialis Temporalis Occipitalis Semimembranosus Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Teres minor Teres major Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Calcaneal tendon Deltoid Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi External oblique Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus

45. Muscles of Facial Expression

46. Muscles of Mastication

47. Muscles of Facial Expression and Mastication Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epicranial aponeurosis Frontalis Occipitalis Epicranius Masseter Sternocleidomastoid Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus major Zygomaticus minor Buccinator Orbicularis oris Platysma Buccinator Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid Temporalis (a) (c) (b)

48. Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral Column

49. Muscles That Move the Head and Vertebral Column Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliocostalis lumborum Quadratus lumborum Spinalis thoracis Iliocostalis thoracis Spinalis cervicis Splenius capitis Spinalis capitis Semispinalis capitis Longissimus capitis Semispinalis capitis (cut) Longissimus cervicis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus thoracis Splenius capitis (cut)

50. Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle

51. Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Trapezius Deltoid Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor (a) (d) (c) (b) Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi Trapezius

52. Muscles That Move the Arm

53. Muscles That Move the Arm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Trapezius Deltoid Pectoralis major External oblique Aponeurosis of external oblique Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis minor Internal intercostal Serratus anterior Rectus abdominis Internal oblique Transversus abdominis External intercostal Linea alba (band of connective tissue)

54. Muscles That Move the Arm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Levator scapulae Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Spine of scapula Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major (a) (d) (c) (b) Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Long head of triceps brachii Lateral head of triceps brachii Triceps brachii

55. Muscles That Move the Forearm

56. Muscles That Move the Forearm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Deltoid Clavicle Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Brachialis Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Brachialis (a) (c) (d) (b) Short head of biceps brachii Long head of biceps brachii Medial border of scapula Biceps brachii (short and long heads) Trapezius

57. Muscles That Move the Forearm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Biceps brachii Brachialis Supinator Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi ulnaris Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Pronator teres Pronator quadratus (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Flexor digitorum superficialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor digitorum superficialis

58. Cross Section of the Forearm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Abductor pollicis longus m. Flexor pollicis longus m. Radius Pronator teres m. Brachioradialis m. Radial n. Radial a. Flexor carpi radialis m. Extensor digitorum m. Ulna Ulnar n. Ulnar a. Flexor carpi ulnaris m. Median n. Palmaris longus m. Anterior Plane of section Extensor carpi radialis brevis m. Extensor carpi radialis longus m. Extensor carpi ulnaris m. Extensor pollicis longus m. Flexor digitorum profundus m. Flexor digitorum superficialis m.

60. Muscles That Move the Hand Triceps brachii Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor retinaculum Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longusand brevis (a) (b) (c) Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

61. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

62. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c) (d) External oblique Rectus abdominis Internal oblique Transversus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis (e) Internal oblique Transversus abdominis External oblique Linea alba Rectus abdominis Peritoneum Skin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

63. Muscles of the Pelvic Outlet

64. Muscles of Pelvic Outlet Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Scrotum Ischiocavernosus Clitoris Urethral orifice Anus Bulbospongiosus Levator ani Gluteus maximus Penis Anus Coccyx Rectum Urethra Symphysis pubis Coccygeus Urogenital diaphragm Levator ani (b) (a) (c) Vagina External anal sphincter Superficial transversus perinei Vaginal orifice

65. Muscles That Move the Thigh

66. Muscles That Move the Thigh Psoas major Psoas minor Iliacus Rectus femoris Sartorius Sartorius Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Patella Adductor longus Pectineus Adductor magnus Gracilis Vastus medialis Gracilis Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Iliacus Psoas major Psoas minor (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Tensor fasciae latae Quadriceps femoris tendon (patellar tendon) Patellar ligament Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

67. Muscles That Move the Thigh Gluteus medius Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris Iliotibial tract (band) Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus minimus Piriformis (a) (b) (c) (d) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

68. Muscles That Move the Leg

69. Muscles That Move the Leg Adductor magnus Gracilis Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Semimembranosus Sartorius Gastrocnemius Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus (a) (b) (c) Vastus lateralis covered by fascia Biceps femoris (short head) Biceps femoris (long head) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

70. Muscles That Move the Leg Gracilis m. Semimembranosus m. Semitendinosus m. Sartorius m. Vastus medialis m. Rectus femoris m. Adipose tissue Skin Adductor magnus m. Adductor longus m. Great saphenousv. Femoralv . and a. Vastus intermedius m. Shaft of femur Sciatic n. Vastus lateralis m. Lateral Medial Anterior Long head of biceps femoris m. Short head of biceps femoris m. Plane of section Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

71. Muscles That Move the Leg Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Gracilis Sartorius Gastrocnemius: Medial head Lateral head Soleus Calcaneal tendon Flexor retinaculum Calcaneus Biceps femoris Plantaris Soleus Gastrocnemius (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Flexor digitorum longus Fibular retinacula Fibularis brevis Fibularis longus Iliotibial tract (band) Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior

72. Muscles That Move the Foot

73. Muscles That Move the Foot Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Fibularis tertius Patella Patellar ligament Gastrocnemius Soleus Extensor retinacula (a) (b) (c) (d) Tibia Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus

74. Muscles That Move the Foot Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Biceps femoris Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Fibularis longus Calcaneal tendon Head of fibula Fibularis tertius Fibularis brevis Extensor retinacula Fibularis brevis (a) (b) (c) Vastus lateralis Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Fibular retinacula

75. 9.3 Clinical Application TMJ Syndrome

81. Quiz 9 Complete Quiz 9 now! Read Chapter 10.