The Industrial Revolution and Enlightenment led to radical changes throughout the world in the late 18th century. New building materials like cast iron, steel, and glass allowed for larger structures. The Enlightenment promoted rational and scientific thought. In the late 18th century, Neoclassical architecture became popular, taking inspiration from Greek and Roman designs. This style emphasized symmetry, columns, and paying homage to classical prototypes. By the mid-19th century, the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution prompted a revival of classical architecture to beautify new industrial developments.

2.  The Industrial Revolution began in
England about 1760
 radical changes at every level of
civilization throughout the world
 growth of heavy industry brought a flood
of new building materials— cast iron,
steel, and glass
 architects and engineers devised
structures hitherto undreamed of in
function, size, and form.

3.  Age of enlightment
 to reform society using reason, to challenge ideas
grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance
knowledge through the scientific method.
 promoted scientific thought, skepticism, and
intellectual interchange.
 The Enlightenment was a revolution in human
thought.
 This new way of thinking was that rational thought
begins with clearly stated principles, uses correct
logic to arrive at conclusions, tests the conclusions
against evidence, and then revises the principles in
the light of the evidence.

4.  Disenchantment with baroque, with rococo, and even with
neo-Palladianism turned late 18th-century designers and
patrons toward the original Greek and Roman prototypes.
 Selective borrowing from another time and place became
fashionable.
 Greek aspect was particularly strong in the young United
States from the early years of the 19th century until about
1850.
 New settlements were given Greek names—Syracuse,
Ithaca, Troy—and Doric and Ionic columns, entablatures,
and pediments, mostly transmuted into white-painted
wood, were applied to public buildings and important town
houses in the style called GREEK REVIVAL.

5. Neoclassical architecture
 produced by the neoclassical movement t
began in the mid-18th century, manifested both in
its details as a reaction against the Rococo style
of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural
formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing
features of Late Baroque.
 its purest is a style principally derived from the
architecture of Classical Greece and Rome and
the architecture of the Italian architect Andrea
Palladio. In form, Neoclassical architecture
emphasizes the wall and maintains separate
identities to each of its parts.

6.  Intellectually Neoclassicism was
symptomatic of a desire to return to the
perceived "purity" of the arts of Rome,
Greek,and renaissance classicism
 architects, however, felt free to select
whatever elements from past cultures best
fitted their programs—Gothic for Protestant
churches, baroque for Roman Catholic
churches, early Greek for banks, Palladian
for institutions, early Renaissance for
libraries, and Egyptian for cemeteries.

7. •Background of emergence of neo classical architecture
•Architecture of baroque and rococo
•Two forces
•Technological change
•Social change
•Architects were Compel to look for new and true style
•Expedition to greek and roman cities
•Books on ancient monuments
•Le roy, piranesi and adams works
•Hallucination of ancient forms in new work

19. Putteney bridge bath by Robert
Adam
Royal Scottish academy Edinburgh by William
Henry playfair
Greek Doric style portico

20. Karl Friedrich Schinkel's Elisabethkirche in Berlin

21. Altes museum Berlin

22. Cathedral of Vilnius (1783), by Laurynas
Gucevičius
Prado museum in Madrid by Juan de
Villanueva

23.  In the second half of the 19th century
dislocations brought about by the Industrial
Revolution became overwhelming.
 Many were shocked by the hideous new
urban districts of factories and workers’
housing and by the deterioration of public
taste among the newly rich.
 For the new modes of transportation,
canals, tunnels, bridges, and railroad
stations, architects were employed only to
provide a cultural veneer.