SUSTAINABLE USE OF FUEL AND POWER

1. 5.3 SUSTAINABLE USE OF FUEL AND POWER
Exploitation means the use of something in order to get an advantages from it
Power mean rate at which electrical energy is converted to other form such as motion, heat
Energy is the ability or the capacity of doing work
Uses of energy
 Energy is used in running machine in industry
 Energy is using in cooking, warming the bodies
Classification of energy
Energy resources can be classified into two ways and that is
i. Renewable resources
ii. Non- renewable resources
Renewable resources are resources which can be replaced after being used and sustainable for
example HEP, tidal energy, solar energy – Biogas
Non – renewable energy this are known as exhaustible resources, these are resources once used
up they can not be replaced for example coal, petroleum, natural gas, fuel wood and nuclear
energy resources
NB.
Non – renewable energy sources
Coal is the ward old from old English term by means mineral of fossilized carbon by meaning
coal is the black or brown rock which consist of carbon usually occur in rock strata in layers or
veins, and this coal happen as a result of vegetative matter being deposit and compressed by
being subjected to high pressure, heat and pressure turned vegetative matter into coal. Coal is the
one of oldest sources of fuel used by man kind about 3000 million of years ago through history

2. coal has been used as an energy resources, primary burned fan the production electricity and heat
is also used in industry purpose example refining metals, coal formed by dead plant matter is
converted into lignite than sub-bituminous coal after that subtiminous coal lastly anthracite this
involved biological and geological process that took place over long periods of time about
million of years
TYPES OF COAL
 PEAT
It is not a true coal but make a first stage of coal formation it is brownish fibrous substance,
which has been formed as a result of partial decomposition of vegetative matter compressed by
over-lying layers of silt
It has a lot of moisture a big content of volatile matter with carbon making only one third of it
bulk and has law heating value in some part of USA use as a domestic fuel and this mainly
decompose in USSR, USA and Canada
 LIGNITE.
Is the second stage of peat it has high content of moisture with carbon less than 4% it still retains
brownish woody appearance but more compact that peat it gives only moderate of heat and break
up easily when exposed to air
 BITUMINOUS

3. It hard black compact coal with a carbon content of between 40% between 15% and 40% it has a
very high calorific content calorific value and its further classified into gas coal, value and its
further classified into cooking coal
COAL MINING METHOD
i. Open cast mining method
It is also know as striping mining method and it is the most economical way of
mining coal. It is used where se…….. are near the surface and the top layer of soil
is removed and then quarried by mechanical excavator
ii. Shaft mining method
It involved the sinking of vertical shaft down the level and seams then horizontal
tunnels ( galleries) are made from the shaft as the coal seams are dug out is the
most common type of mining method. It is commonly used provided the seams of
caol
iii. Admit or drifting method

4. It is used to extract coal from the horizontal or gently slopping seams that out
crop along the valley or hill sides. It is commonly used to extract coal in the
valley of Appalachian mountains
ADVANTAGE OF COAL
i. It used to produce other energy sources like oil and gas example South Africa is
using coal to producing oil at sasolgurg ( sasolgurg)
ii. It has promoted industrial development like of iron and steel and the manufactured
of locomotives and ship
iii. It has promote the development of transport system like rail, ways and road
iv. It lead to the creation of employment opportunities
v. It has facilitating domestic activities like cooking, warning
DIS – ADVANTAGES OF CAOL

5. i. It is non-renewable resource’s once exhausted it can not be replaced
ii. It lead to air population by emitting carbon-dioxide, which leads to global warming
and sulphur dioxide, which lead to acid rain
iii. Destruction of land space
iv. It is heavy and bulky; thus it is difficult and costly to be transported
v. It use a lot of capital to exploitation leading to the decline of other sector
COAL IN CHINA
China rank the third in terms of both total production and reserves of coal. Coal in China
was used as far back as 3000 years ago. The types of coal found in China includes
bituminous, anthracite and lignite
In the country, coal found almost in every province; but actively exploited in the
following principle areas
a. In shanks and shanks 1 and Shaanxi regions. The two greatest amount of coal and
account for over 47% of China’s coal reserves
b. Inner Mangolia; it accounts for 25% of China’s total coal reserves. The main mining
centers in this region are fen he(fenho) valley, Ningwu and along in the tatting loses
plateau
c. Manchurian coal field, it is in the provinces of Jerkin ( kiiin) Heilongjiang
(hillungkiang) which support the industries which make steel, machinery, tractors,
electrical apparatus, car and air craft
d. Sichuan ( Szechwan) basin; it is where the deposits are extensive but rarely occur
near the surface they support a wide rang e of light of and heavy industries around
chungking and Chengdu areas

6. e. Other coal deposits of lesser amount include, Guizhou, Jiangx1 and Hunan
FACTORS WHICH HAVE FACILITATED THE USE OF CAOL AS A SOURCE OF
ENERY IN CHINA
1. The presence of large deposit of coal almost in all provinces
2. The presence of heavy industries which needs great amount of power to run effectively these
industries have provided steady market for coal
3. The use of mechanized methods in the extraction of coal due to the advanced level of
technology in China. It has to bear into mind that in China are highly developed in technology
4. Depth of coal deposits has been another factor in some places like Fushun and Fuxin cheap
open-cast methods are used in the extraction of coal. Since the deposits lie near the surface.
5. Labour available /availability due to high population of over 1.3 billion in the country hence
labour has not been a big problem in the coal mining sector
IMPORTANCE OF CAOL MINING IN CHINA
1. It has stimulated the development of industries in the country like metallurgical industries in
Heilongjiang province
2. It has provided employment to many people in the country reducing the problem of
unemployment in such most populous country in the world

7. 3. It has contributed to the generation of the government revenue and creation of capital to be
invested for further economic development in country
4. Coal mining has stimulated the development of transport and communication systems like rall
way line’s roads etc there are car industries, shipbuilding industries and other transport- oriented
industries which have developed as a result of the impact of coal mining
PROBLEMS ENVOUNTERED IN THE EXRACTION OF COAL IN CHINA
1. In some places the deposits are becoming deeper leading to the rising of expense of coal
extraction
2. Some coals seams in some places like Mongolia are folded or faulted crating problem in
extraction
3. Some deposits are so scattered like in the Sichuan coal fial fields
4. Coal is an unclean source of energy that creates some health problems in the process of
extracting
COAL IN TANZANIA
Tanzania has a large resources in the South west of the country in the Ruhuhu Basin the Kete
waka – Mchuchuma area and Songwe – kiwira area there are active mining taking place in
Songwe – Kiwira to supply coal to the cement industry in Songwe.
The resources at the Ruhuhu basin and the Kete waka- Mchuchuma areas are estimated to be at
over 5000 million tons of recoverable high quality coal at Songwe- Kiwira the reserves are
estimated to be over 20 million tons. In this zone lies the future potentral for development of
heavy industry in East Africa
Mchuchuma- Kate waka is the leading coal field in Tanzania it has coal that could generate about
400MW
IMPORTANCE OF CAOL IN TANZANIA
1. It will stimulate the development of iron and steel industry in Linganga where there are iron are
deposits this kill lay a strong base for a large scale industrialization

8. 2. It will lead to the creation of employment opportunities and hence solve the problem of un-
employment there are some people who are already employed at Songwe- Kiwira coal mining
area
3. It will father stimulate the development and expansion of the transport systems like road and
railway
4. It stimulate/promote supply of energy for home use and local iron smelting industries like SIDO
and other industries like Mbeya cement
5. Some of coal is export to other countries like Zambia and Congo leading to the earning of
Foreign currency
THE DRAW BACK FACING COAL MINING IN TANZANIA
1. There are inadequate capital to be invested in the coal mining sector since Tanzania is
economically poor
2. There is low industrial base, hence the market for coal is very low this discourages heavy
investment in this sector
3. There is poor transport network in the country and the mining sectors are not well served with
roads or railway

9. DECLINE IN THE COAL
In the past coal was in a high demanded in the international market. For example by 1900 coal
accounted for almost 90% of the world’s power requirements, but today very little coal enters the
international market due to the decline of demand for coal the demand for coal has been
declining due to the following reasons
 Coal has low calorific value compared to other sources
 It causes a lot environmental problems like land and air pollution
 Higher costs(costs) of production because some of the coal spams lie quiet for below the surface
the surface and thus require more expensive methods to be exploited like that of shaft method
 Coal is costly to be transported because of being heavy and bulky
 Competition from other alternative energy sources which are more efficient and
environmentally friendly like HEP