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• three basic varieties
–conventional (GRASS, FAST)
–spoiled (spoiled grass, RF-FAST)
–“T2” enhanced (SSFP, CE-FAST)
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo
• TR has little effect on image contrastTR has little effect on image contrast
• TE behavior similar to conventional SETE behavior similar to conventional SE
imagingimaging
–more T2* effect with increased TEmore T2* effect with increased TE
• less T1 weighting with shorter flip anglesless T1 weighting with shorter flip angles
–maximum signal to noise between 30maximum signal to noise between 3000
and 60and 6000
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - general principles
TE=9TE=9 TE=30TE=30
• Desired contrast
–T1: spoiled gradient echo
»TE ~10
»flip angle 450
to 900
–PD: gradient echo
»TE ~ 10-15
»flip angle 450
to 600
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - general principles
• Desired contrast
–T2: gradient echo
»TE ~ 15-25
»flip angle 100
to 300
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - general principles
• artifacts
–magnetic susceptibility
»black bones
»blooming effect
•air in bowel
•metal clips
•suture material
»artifact reduced with shorter TE
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - general principles
• artifacts
–phase cancellation of water and fat
» alternates every ~2.2 msec at 1.5 T
–additional phase artifacts due to
absence of 1800
refocussing pulse
»avoid 0.5, 0.75 NEX or PCS
acquisition
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - general principles
Fat and Water
gradient echo - phase cancellation
TR 450
TE 13.42
α=45°
TR 450
TE 15.7
α=45°
FESUM
in-phase
FEDIF
opposed-
phase
ν
Fat and Water
gradient echo - phase artifacts
»avoid 0.5, 0.75 NEX or PCS acquisition
• conventional gradient echo (MPGR, FE)
–usually a multislice 2D acquisition
–cartilage and joint visualization (e.g.
shoulder labrum)
»TR 450 +, TE 10-15, 450
•difficult to distinguish fluid from
cartilage, but signal to noise is good
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
• “magic” cartilage sequence (MPGR, FE)
–TR 600, TE 22, 150
»bright fluid, dark bones, gray
cartilage
•patellofemoral joint
»lower signal to noise
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
• tumor imaging
–conventional gradient echo (MPGR, FE)
–delineates relationship of vessels to tumor
–demonstrates bony cortex
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
• fast gradient echo (GRASS, SER FAST)
–usually a single slice 2D acquisition
–kinematic motion studies (shoulder)
»TR 50, TE 10, 450
• ≈ 20 second scan
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
• fast spoiled gradient echo (SPGR, RF-fast spoiled gradient echo (SPGR, RF-
FAST)FAST)
–usually a single slice 2D acquisitionusually a single slice 2D acquisition
–extremity MRA (2D time of flight)extremity MRA (2D time of flight)
»30-60 slices, 5-10 sec / slice30-60 slices, 5-10 sec / slice
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
• MT gradient echo (2D)MT gradient echo (2D)
–excellent joint visualizationexcellent joint visualization
–MTC contrast for muscle and fatMTC contrast for muscle and fat
–bright fluidbright fluid
–routine axial kneeroutine axial knee
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
• MT gradient echo (3D)
–multiplanar capability
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
• 3D spoiled gradient echo
–TR 35, TE 13.4, 500
, 124 slices, 128
phase encodings, 0.9-1 mm slice
thickness
–multiplanar joint and tendon visualization
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
CORONALCORONAL OBLIQUEOBLIQUE AXIALAXIAL
Pulse Sequences
3D spoiled gradient echo - USE
• DO NOT substitute gradient echo for T2
weighted
–CANNOT see bone marrow edema
–may miss significant pathologic findings
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
Pulse Sequences
gradient echo - USE
• DO NOT use gradient echo imaging for
primary diagnosis of rotator cuff disease or
meniscal tears
–CANNOT reliably distinguish a tear from
normal bright signal seen within
fibrocartilage on most gradient echo
sequences
• DO NOT use T2 enhanced sequences
(SSFP, CE-FAST)
Pulse Sequences
3D gradient echo - USE
Shoulder Volume
radial labral images
Shoulder Volume
radial labral images

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198 pulse sequences

  • 1. • three basic varieties –conventional (GRASS, FAST) –spoiled (spoiled grass, RF-FAST) –“T2” enhanced (SSFP, CE-FAST) Pulse Sequences gradient echo
  • 2. • TR has little effect on image contrastTR has little effect on image contrast • TE behavior similar to conventional SETE behavior similar to conventional SE imagingimaging –more T2* effect with increased TEmore T2* effect with increased TE • less T1 weighting with shorter flip anglesless T1 weighting with shorter flip angles –maximum signal to noise between 30maximum signal to noise between 3000 and 60and 6000 Pulse Sequences gradient echo - general principles TE=9TE=9 TE=30TE=30
  • 3. • Desired contrast –T1: spoiled gradient echo »TE ~10 »flip angle 450 to 900 –PD: gradient echo »TE ~ 10-15 »flip angle 450 to 600 Pulse Sequences gradient echo - general principles
  • 4. • Desired contrast –T2: gradient echo »TE ~ 15-25 »flip angle 100 to 300 Pulse Sequences gradient echo - general principles
  • 5. • artifacts –magnetic susceptibility »black bones »blooming effect •air in bowel •metal clips •suture material »artifact reduced with shorter TE Pulse Sequences gradient echo - general principles
  • 6. • artifacts –phase cancellation of water and fat » alternates every ~2.2 msec at 1.5 T –additional phase artifacts due to absence of 1800 refocussing pulse »avoid 0.5, 0.75 NEX or PCS acquisition Pulse Sequences gradient echo - general principles
  • 7. Fat and Water gradient echo - phase cancellation TR 450 TE 13.42 α=45° TR 450 TE 15.7 α=45° FESUM in-phase FEDIF opposed- phase ν
  • 8. Fat and Water gradient echo - phase artifacts »avoid 0.5, 0.75 NEX or PCS acquisition
  • 9. • conventional gradient echo (MPGR, FE) –usually a multislice 2D acquisition –cartilage and joint visualization (e.g. shoulder labrum) »TR 450 +, TE 10-15, 450 •difficult to distinguish fluid from cartilage, but signal to noise is good Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE
  • 10. • “magic” cartilage sequence (MPGR, FE) –TR 600, TE 22, 150 »bright fluid, dark bones, gray cartilage •patellofemoral joint »lower signal to noise Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE
  • 11. • tumor imaging –conventional gradient echo (MPGR, FE) –delineates relationship of vessels to tumor –demonstrates bony cortex Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE
  • 12. • fast gradient echo (GRASS, SER FAST) –usually a single slice 2D acquisition –kinematic motion studies (shoulder) »TR 50, TE 10, 450 • ≈ 20 second scan Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE
  • 13. • fast spoiled gradient echo (SPGR, RF-fast spoiled gradient echo (SPGR, RF- FAST)FAST) –usually a single slice 2D acquisitionusually a single slice 2D acquisition –extremity MRA (2D time of flight)extremity MRA (2D time of flight) »30-60 slices, 5-10 sec / slice30-60 slices, 5-10 sec / slice Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE
  • 14. • MT gradient echo (2D)MT gradient echo (2D) –excellent joint visualizationexcellent joint visualization –MTC contrast for muscle and fatMTC contrast for muscle and fat –bright fluidbright fluid –routine axial kneeroutine axial knee Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE
  • 15. • MT gradient echo (3D) –multiplanar capability Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE
  • 16. • 3D spoiled gradient echo –TR 35, TE 13.4, 500 , 124 slices, 128 phase encodings, 0.9-1 mm slice thickness –multiplanar joint and tendon visualization Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE
  • 17. CORONALCORONAL OBLIQUEOBLIQUE AXIALAXIAL Pulse Sequences 3D spoiled gradient echo - USE
  • 18. • DO NOT substitute gradient echo for T2 weighted –CANNOT see bone marrow edema –may miss significant pathologic findings Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE
  • 19. Pulse Sequences gradient echo - USE • DO NOT use gradient echo imaging for primary diagnosis of rotator cuff disease or meniscal tears –CANNOT reliably distinguish a tear from normal bright signal seen within fibrocartilage on most gradient echo sequences • DO NOT use T2 enhanced sequences (SSFP, CE-FAST)