pindian polity at a glance

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SSC POLITY CAPSULE
MAKING OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
1. The constituent assembly was formed on the
recommendation of the Cabinet Missionwhich visited
India in 1946.
2. The Constituent Assembly met for the first time in New
Delhi on 9 December, 1946 in the Constitution Hall
which is now known as the Central Hall of Parliament
House.
3. Mr. Sachchidanand Sinha was elected provisional
chairman of the assembly.
4. Dr Rajendra Prasad later became the permanent
chairman of the constituent assembly.
5. On 13 December, 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru moved
the Objectives Resolution which resolved to proclaim
India as an Independent Sovereign Republic and to
draw up for her future governance a Constitution.
6. The Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two
years, eleven months and seventeen days to be precise)
to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution
for Independent India.
7. The Constituent Assembly held eleven sessions
covering a total of 165 days.
8. India is governed in terms of the Constitution, which
was adopted on 26 November, 1949, which was the last
day of the Eleventh session of the Constituent
Assembly.
9. This date finds mention in the Preamble to the Indian
Constitution thus IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
this twenty‐sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY
ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS
CONSTITUTION.
10. The honourable members appended their signatures to
the constitution on 24 January, 1950.
11. The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January,
1950. On that day, the Constituent Assembly ceased to
exist, transforming itself into the Provisional
Parliament of India until a new Parliament was
constituted in 1952.
THE PREAMBLE
The Indian Constitution starts with the preamble which
outlines the main objectives of the Constitution. It reads:
"WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to
constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR,
DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure all its citizens."
JUSTICE, social economic and political.
LIBERTY, of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
EQUALITY, of status and of opportunity, and to promote
among them all.
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and
unity and integrity of the nation.
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this twenty sixth day of
November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, "ENACT AND GIVE
TO OURSELVES HIS CONSTITUTION ".
Idea of preamble borrowed from Constitution of US.
The words ‘SOCIALIST’, ‘SECULAR’ and ‘UNITY’ &
‘INTEGRITY’ were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
Preamble is not justifiable.

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BORROWED FEATURES OF CONSTITUTION
From Government of India Act, 1935
 Federal system
 Office of Governor
 Emergency powers
From U.K.
 Nominal Head – President (like Queen)
 Cabinet System of Ministers
 Post of PM
 Parliamentary Type of Govt.
 Bicameral Parliament
 Lower House more powerful
 Council of Ministers responsible to Lowe House
 Speaker in Lok Sabha
From U.S.
 Written Constitution
 Executive head of state known as President and his
being the Supreme Commander of the Armed
Forces
 Vice‐ President as the ex‐officio Chairman of Rajya
Sabha
 Fundamental Rights
 Supreme Court
 Provision of States
 Independence of Judiciary and judicial review
 Preamble
 Removal of Supreme court and High court Judges
From USSR
 Fundamental Duties
 Five year Plan
From AUSTRALIA
 Concurrent list
 Language of the preamble
 Provision regarding trade, commerce and
intercourse
From JAPAN
 Law on which the Supreme Court function
From WEIMAR CONSTITUION OF GERMANY
 Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the
emergency
From CANADA
 Scheme of federation with a strong centre
 Distribution of powers between centre and the
states and placing. Residuary Powers with the
centre
From IRELAND
 Concept of Directive Principles of States
Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN)
 Method of election of President
 Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the
President
PARTS DESCRIBED IN THE CONSTITUTION
Part
Subject Articles
Part I The Union and its
territory
Art. 1 to 4
Part II Citizenship Art. 5 to 11
Part III Fundamental Rights Art. 12 to 35
Part IV Directive Principles Art. 36 to 51
Part IVA Fundamental Duties Art. 51A
Part V The Union Art. 52 to 151
Part VI The States Art. 152 to 237
Part VII Repealed by Const. (7th Amendment) Act,
1956
Part VIII The Union
Territories
Art. 239 to 242
Part IX The Panchayats Art. 243 to 243O
Part IXA The Muncipalities Art. 243P to
243ZG
Part IXB The Co‐operative
Societies
Art. 243ZH to
243ZT
Part X The Scheduled and
Tribal Areas
Art. 244 to 244A
Part XI Relations between
the Union and the
States
Art. 245 to 263
Part XII Finance, Property,
Contracts and Suits
Art. 264 to 300A
Part XIII Trade, Commerce
and Intercourse
within the Territory
of India
Art. 301 to 307
Part XIV Services under the
Union and the States
Art. 308 to 323
Part XIVA Tribunals Art. 323A to 323B
Part XV Elections Art. 324 to 329A
Part XVI Special provisions
relating to certain
classes
Art. 330 to 342
Part XVII Official Language Art. 343 to 351
Part XVIII Emergency
Provisions
Art. 352 to 360
Part XIX Miscellaneous Art. 361 to 367
Part XX Amendment of the
Constitution
Art. 368

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Part XXI Temporary,
Transitional and
Special Provisions
Art. 369 to 392
Part XXII Short title,
commencement,
authoritative text in
Hindi and repeals
Art. 393 to 395
IMPORTANT ARTICLES IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Article Importance
Article 12‐35 Specify the Fundamental Rights
available
Article 36‐50 Specify the Directive Principles of state
policy
Article 51A Specifies the Fundamental Duties of
every citizen
Article 80 Specifies the number of seats for the
Rajya Sabha
Article 81 Specifies the number of seats for the
Lok Sabha
Article 343 Hindi as official language
Article 356 Imposition of President’s Rule in states
Article 368 Amendment to the Constitution
Article 370 Special status to Kashmir
Article 395 Repeals India Independence Act and
Government of India Act, 1935
BRIEF ON THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Right to Equality
 Article 14:‐ Equality before law and
equal protection of law
 Article 15:‐ Prohibition of
discrimination on grounds only of
religion, race, caste, sex or place of
birth.
 Article 16:‐ Equality of opportunity
in matters of public employment
 Article 17:‐ End of untouchability
 Article 18:‐ Abolition of titles,
Military and academic distinctions
are, however, exempted
Right to Freedom
 Article 19:‐ It guarantees the
citizens of India the following six
fundamentals freedoms:‐
1. Freedom of Speech and
Expression
2. Freedom of Assembly
3. Freedom of form Associations
4. Freedom of Movement
5. Freedom of Residence and
Settlement
6. Freedom of Profession,
Occupation, Trade and Bussiness
 Article 20:‐ Protection in respect of
conviction for offences
 Article 21:‐ Protection of life and
personal liberty
 Article 22:‐ Protection against
arrest and detention in certain
cases
Right Against
Exploitation
 Article 23:‐ Traffic in human beings
prohibited
 Article 24:‐ No child below the age
of 14 can be employed
Right to freedom
of Religion
 Article 25:‐ Freedom of conscience
and free profession, practice and
propagation of religion
 Article 26:‐ Freedom to manage
religious affairs
 Article 27:‐ Prohibits taxes on
religious grounds
 Article 28:‐ Freedom as to
attendance at religious ceremonies
in certain educational institutions
Cultural and
Educational
Rights
 Article 29:‐ Protection of interests
of minorities
 Article 30:‐ Right of minorities to
establish and administer
educational institutions
 Article 31:‐ Omitted by the 44th
Amendment Act
Right to
Constitutional
Remedies
 Article 32:‐ The right to move the
Supreme Court in case of their
violation (called Soul and heart of
the Constitution by BR Ambedkar)
 Forms of Writ check
 Habeas Corpus :‐ Equality before
law and equal protection of law
IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS IN THE INDIAN
CONSTITUTION
Amendme
nt
Year Importance
7 1956 Reorganisation of states on
linguistic basis and abolition
of Class A, B, C and D states

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and introduction of Union
Territories.
9 1960 Adjustments to Indian
territory as a result of
agreement with Paksitan.
10 1961 Dadra, Nagar and Haveli
included in Indian Union as a
Union Territory on acquisition
from Portugal.
12 1961 Goa, Daman and Diu included
in Indian Union as a Union
Territory on acquisition from
Portugal.
13 1963 The state of Nagaland formed
with special protection under
Article 371A.
14 1962 Pondicherry incorporated into
Indian Union after transfer by
France.
21 1967 Sindhi added as language in
the 8th schedule.
26 1971 Privy purse paid to former
rulers of princely states
abolished.
36 1975 Sikim included as an Indian
state.
42 1976 Fundamental Duties
prescribed, India became
Socialist Secular Republic.
44 1978 Right to Property deleted from
the list of fundamental rights.
52 1985 Defection to another party
after election made illegal.
61 1989 Voting age reduced from 21 to
18.
71 1992 Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali
added as languages in the
Eighth Schedule.
73 1993 Introduction of Panchayati
Raj, addition of Part IX to the
Constitution.
74 1993 Introduction of Nagarpalikas
and Municipalities.
86 2002 Free and compulsory
education to children between
6 and 14 years.
92 2003 Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and
Maithli added to the list of
recognised languages. Service
Tax introduced.
8, 23, 45,
62, 79
and 95
1960,
1970,
1980,
1989,
2000 and
2010
Extension of reservation of
seats for SC/ST and
nomination of Anglo‐Indian
members in Parliament and
State Assemblies.
96 2011 Substituted Odia for Oriya in
the Eighth Schedule to the
Constitution
The 42nd amendment was the most comprehensive
amendment which had 59 clauses and carried out so
many changes that it has been described as a “Mini
Constitution”.
The 52nd amendment was the only amendment to be
unanimously adopted by the Parliament.
UNION (ARTICLE 51‐151)
THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA
President of India is the head of the Union Executive. A
Council of Ministers headed by Prime Minister aids and
advises the President in the excersie of his function.
President of India is also Supreme Commander of the
Defence Forces.
Office of President of India ==>
Rashtrapati Bhavan
Qualification
 Must be a citizen of India
 Completed 35 years of age
 Eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha
 Must not hold any government post. Exceptions
are:
1. President and Vice‐President
2. Governor of any state
3. Minister of Union State
Election
 Indirectly elected through ‘Electoral College’
consisting of Elected members of both the Houses

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of Parliament & Elected members of the Legislative
Assemblies of the States. (No nominated members)
 Security deposit of Rs 15,000/‐
 Supreme court inquires all disputes regarding
President’s Election.
 Takes OATH in presence of Chief Justice of India, or
in his absence, senior‐most Judge of Supreme Court
Terms and Emoluments
 5 year term
 Article 57 says that there is no upper limit on the
number of times a person can become President
 Can give resignation to Vice‐President before full‐
term
 Present Salary‐ Rs. 1,50,000/month (including
allowances & emoluments)
Impeachment
 Quasi‐judicial procedure
 Can be impeached only on the ground of violation
of constitution
 The impeachment procedure can be initiated in
either House of the Parliament
Vacancy
 In case of office falls vacant due to death,
resignation or removal, the Vice‐President act as
President. It he is not available then Chief Justice, it
not then senior‐most Judge of the Supreme court
shall act as the President of India
 The election is to be held within 6 months of the
vacancy
Powers
 Appoints PM, Ministers, Chief Justice & judge of
Supreme Court & High Court, Chairman & members
of UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General, Attorney
General, Chief Election Commissioner and other
members of Election Commission of India,
Governors, Members of Finance Commission,
Ambassadors, etc
 Can summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2
houses & can dissolve Lok Sabha
 Appoints Finance Commission (after every 5 years)
that recommends distribution of taxes between
Union & State governments
 The President can promulgate 3 types of
Emergencies:‐
1. National Emergency (Article 352)
2. State Emergency (President’s Rule) (Article 356)
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360)
 He is the Supreme Commander of the Defence
Forces of India
 President appoints Chief of Army, Navy and Air
force
 Declares wars & concludes peace subject to the
approval of the Parliament
 No money bill or demand for grant can be
introduced or moved in Parliament unless it has
been recommended by the President
 He has the power to grant pardon, reprieve or
remit of punishment or commute death sentences
VICE PRESIDENT OF INDIA
Following is the information about Vice President of India
Election
 Elected by both the houses (Electoral College) in
accordance with the system of proportional
representation by means of single transferable vote
and the vote being secret. Nominated members also
participate in his election
 The Supreme court has the final and exclusive
jurisdiction for resolving disputes and doubts
relating to the election of the Vice President of
India
Criteria
 Citizen of India
 More that 35 years of Age
 Posses the qualification of membership of Rajya
Sabha
 Not hold any office of profit under union, state of
local authority. However, for this purpose, the
President, Vice‐President, Governor of a State and a
Minister of the Union or a State, are not held to be
holding an office of profit
Other Points
 Holds office for 5 years. Can be re‐elected
 Term can be cut short if he resigns or by a
resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by a majority
of all the then members of the Rajya Sabha and
agreed to by the Lok Sabha
 He is the ex‐officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. Since
he is not a member of Rajya Sabha, he has no right
to vote
 Being the Vice‐President of India, he is not entitled
for any salary, but he is entitled to the salary and
allowances payable to the Chairman of the Rajya
Sabha
 All bills, resolution, motion can be taken in Rajya
Sabha after his consent

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 Can discharge the function of the President, the
Vice‐President shall not perform the duties of the
office of the Chairman of Rajya Sabha and shall not
be entitled to receive the salary of the Chairman.
During this period, he is entitled for the salary and
privileges of the President of India
 Present salary is Rs. 1,25,000/month
Prime Minister of India
Powers of Prime Minister of India:‐
 Real excutive authority
 He is the ex‐officio Chairman of the Planning
Commission, National Development Council,
National Integration Council and Inter state Council
 The President convenes and prorogues all sessions
of Parliament in Consultation with him
 Can recommend the dissolution of Lok Sabha
before expiry
 Appoints the council of ministers
 Allocates portfolios. Can ask a minister to resign &
can get him dismissed by President
 Can recommend to the President to declare
emergency on grounds of war, external aggression
or armed rebellion
 Advises President about President’s Rule in the
State or emergency due to financial instability
 Leader of the House
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
Parliament consists of the President and the two
Houses, namely, the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and
the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
The Lok Sabha: Its maximum strength is 545 (Not more
than 525 from the States to be elected directly. A
candidate for membership of the Lok Sabha must be a
citizen of India and not less than 30 years of age. The
normal term of the House is five years. The House can,
however, be dissolved earlier by the President.
The said period may, while a Proclamation of
Emergency is in operation, be extended by Parliament
by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and
not extending in any case beyond a period of six
months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate.
Members of the House elect the Speaker and the
Deputy Speaker from among themselves. The Speaker
acts as the presiding officer of the House and, in his
absence, the Deputy Speaker acts for him.
The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body not subject to
dissolution, elected indirectly, and its total strength
cannot exceed 250. Twelve members, who have
distinguished themselves in literature, arts, science or
social service, are nominated by the President.
The remaining seats are distributed among the States
and Union Territories. The representatives of the States
are elected by the members of the Legislative
Assemblies of the States concerned by the method of
single transferable vote. The representatives of Union
Territories are to be chosen in such a manner as
Parliament may by law prescribe.
A candidate for membership of the Rajya Sabha must be
a citizen of India and he should not be less than 25
years of age. One‐third of the members must retire once
in two years, and their places are filled by fresh
election. The Vice‐President of India is the ex‐ officio
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Relations between the Two Houses of Parliament. If a
non‐money bill is passed by one House, and the other
House rejects it or the two Houses do not agree to the
amendments, the President may summon a joint
meeting of both Houses to resolve the deadlock. The
decision of the majority prevails. As for money bills,
every such bill must be introduced in the Lok Sabha.
It cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. Any such
bill cannot be rejected by the Rajya Sabha though it
may delay it for 14 days at the most. The Cabinet, which
is the real working executive, is responsible to the Lok
Sabha only.
Supreme Court
1. The Supreme Court is a federal court. Its only seat
is located at Delhi. Its bench can be established at
other places also but so far it has not been
established.
2. The Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by
the President.
3. A person shall have the following qualification to
become eligible for the appointment as a Judge of
the Supreme Court, if:
(a) He has been a Judge of a High Court for not less
than five years in succession; or
(b) He has been an advocate of a High Court for
not less than 10 years in succession; or
(c) He is a distinguished Jurist in the opinion of
the President.
4. The Judges of the Supreme Court retires from their
office after attaining the age of 65 years.

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5. The President can remove the Chief Justice and the
other judges on the basis of impeachment motion
passed in the Parliament.
6. The salary of the Chief Justice is Rs. 33, 000 and
that of the other judges is Rs. 30, 000 per month.
7. The judges of the Supreme Court after their
retirement and during their term of office are not
eligible to plead before any court/authority within
the territory of India.
8. The Judges of the Supreme Court cannot be
transferred nor can they be demoted in office.
9. The Supreme Court is not bound to abide by the
decisions of the High Courts.
10. The salary and the allowances of the Judges of the
Supreme Court are charged upon the Consolidated
Fund of India.
11. The cases involving the interpretation of the
Constitution are decided only by the Supreme
Court.
12. The Supreme Court is the Apex Court in India and
functions from New Delhi. It consists of a Chief
Justice and 25 other judges. The Chief Justice and
other judges are appointed by the President.
However, in the selection of other judges of the
Supreme Court, the President does consult the
Chief Justice. Judges of the Supreme Court can hold
office up to the age of 65 years.
High Court
1. There is a provision for a High Court in each State
and each Union Territory but two or more States or
two or more Union Territories or States and Union
Territories, together, may establish a common High
Court.
2. The Judges of the High Court are also appointed by
the President.
3. A person shall not be eligible to become a Judge of a
High Court unless such a person‐
(a) has been a judicial officer for not less than
years within the territory of India; or
(b) has been an advocate for not less than 10 years
in a High Court in India.
4. The Judges of the High Courts retire from their
office after attaining the age of 62 years.
5. The judges and the Chief Justice of the High Courts
are removed from the office by the President in the
same manner as adopted in the case of the Supreme
Court.
6. The salary of the Chief Justice is Rs. 30, 000 and
that of other judges is Rs. 26, 000 per month.
7. The judges of the High Courts cannot plead before
any Court during the term of their office.
After retirement, they cannot plead before any
Court below the High Court. That means they can
plead only before other High Courts and the
Supreme Court.
8. The judges of the High Courts can be transferred
from one High Court to the other High Court and
may be promoted as the Judges of the Supreme
Court.
9. The High Courts are bound to abide by the
decisions of the Supreme Court.
10. The salary and other allowances of the Judges of
the High Courts are charged upon the Consolidated
Fund of the States.
11. The cases involving the interpretation of the
Constitution are not decided by the High Courts.
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Definition Term
The draft of a legislative proposal Bill
Bill passed by both the Houses of
Parliament and assented to by the
President
Act
A member of the House of the People
(Lok Sabha)
Member
A member other than a Minister Private Member
Definition Term
Annual Financial statement of the
estimated receipts and expenditure
of the Government of India for a
financial year
Budget
The estimate of expenditure in
respect of a Ministry/Department
not charged upon the Consolidated
Demand for Grant

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Fund of India, placed for approval
before the House on the
recommendations of the President
A Bill ordinarily introduced each
year to give effect to the financial
proposals of the Government for the
following financial year
Finance Bill
A bill containing only provisions
dealing with all or any of the matters
specified in sub‐clauses (a) to (g) of
Clause (1) of Articel 110 of the
Constitution. (Such a bill cannot be
introduced without the
recommendation of the President
and it also cannot be introduced in
the Rajya Sabha
Money Bill
A Bill passed annually (or at various
times of the year) providing for the
withdrawal or appropriation from
and out of the Consolidated Fund of
India of moneys by Lok Sabha and
moneys charged on the Consolidated
Fund for the services of a financial
year or a part thereof.
Appropriation
Bill
A motion for reduction of a demand
for grant by or to a specified amount
Cut motion
Cut motion can be of three types ‐ Disapproval of policy cut,
Economy cut and Token cut
A grant made by Lok Sabha in
advance in respect of the estimated
expenditure of the Government of
India for a part of a financial year
pending the voting of Demands for
Grants for the financial year. A
Motion for Vote on Account is dealt
with in the same way as if it were a
demand for grant.
Vote on Account
Definition Term
Termination of a sitting of a House
without any definite date being fixed
for the next sitting
Adjournmentsine
die
The termination of a session of the
House by an order made by the
President under article 85(2) (a) of
the Constitution.
Prorogation
The first hour of a sitting of the
House normally allotted for asking
and answering of questions
Question Hour
The minimum number of members
required to be present at a sitting of
the House or the Committee for
valid transaction of its business. The
quorum to constitute a sitting of the
Quorum
House is one‐tenth of the total
number of members of the House
and in respect of a Committee it is
one‐third of the total number of
members of the Committee
A self‐contained independent
proposal submitted for the approval
of the House and drafted in such a
way as to be capable of expressing a
decision of the House.
Resolution
The vote cast by the Speaker or the
Chairman in the case of an equality
of votes on a matter
Casting vote
Deletion of words, phrases of
expression for the proceedings or
records of the House (for being
defamatory or indecent or
unparliamentary or undignified)
Expunction
Definition Term
A question relating to a matter of
public importance of an urgent
character asked with notice shorter
than ten clear days
Short Notice
Question
Planning Commission
1. The chairman of the Planning commission is Prime
Minister of India
2. Planning commission is an economic advisory body
set up by a resolution of union cabinet in 1950. It is
not mentioned in Constitution.
3. Its main function is to prepare the five‐year Plan for
economic and social development
Finance Commission
1. Finance Commission was set up in 1951.
2. Its present chairman is Y. V. Reddy.
3. Its main function is to advice President on the
financial issues.
National Development Council
1. NDC was formed in 1952
2. Its members includes chief ministers, cabinet
ministers, all members of planning commission.
3. Its chairman is Prime Minister.
4. Its main function is to review working of national
plan.

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Election Commission
1. Sukumar Sen was an Indian civil servant who was
the first Chief Election Commissioner of India
2. Election Commission is a constitutional body.
3. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed
from his office by Parliament with two‐thirds
majority in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha on the
grounds of proven misbehaviour or incapacity.
Other Election Commissioners can be removed by
the President on the recommendation of the Chief
Election Commissioner.
4. The current CEC is V. S. Sampath.
Attorney‐General
The Attorney‐General for India is appointed by the
President and hold office during the pleasure of the
President. He must be a person qualified to be
appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court. The
duty of Attorney General to give advice to the
Government of India upon such legal matters and to
perform such other duties of a legal character, as
may be referred or assigned to him by the
President, and to discharge the functions conferred
on him by or under the Constitution or any other
law. He also has right to take part in the proceeding
of Parliament.
Comptroller and Auditor General
Comptroller and Auditor General is appointed by
the President. Procedure and grounds for his
removal from office are the same as for a Supreme
Court Judge. He is not eligible for further office
under the Union or a State Government after he
ceases to hold his office. His main work to submit
the reports on accounts of the Union and States to
the President and respective governors which are
placed before Parliament and state legislatures.
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
The chairman and other members of the Union
Public Service Commission are appointed by the
President of India and they hold office for a term of
6 years from the date of appointment or until they
attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. The
main function of the commission is to conduct
examination and hold interviews for making
appointments to the various services of the Union
IMPORTANT WRITS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Type of
Writ
Meaning
of the
word
Purpose of issue
Habeas
Corpus
You may
have the
body
To release a person who has
been detained unlawfully
whether in prison or in
private custody.
Mandamus We
Command
To secure the performance
of public duties by lower
court, tribunal or public
authority.
Certiorari To be
certified
To quash the order already
passed by an inferior court,
tribunal or quasi judicial
authority.
Prohibition ‐ To prohibit an inferior court
from continuing the
proceedings in a particular
case where it has no
jurisdiction to try.
Quo
Warranto
What is
your
authority?
To restrain a person from
holding a public office which
he is not entitled.
IMPORTANT SCHEDULES IN THE CONSTITUTION
Schedules 1 to 12
First schedule contains the list of states and union
territories and their territories
Second schedule contains provisions as to the
President, Governors of States, Speaker and the
Deputy Speaker of the House of the People and the
Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of
States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly and the Chairman and the
Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State,
the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High
Courts and the Comptroller and Auditor‐General of
Indiathe list of states and union territories and their
territories
Third Schedule contains the Forms of Oaths or
Affirmations.
Fourth Schedule contains provisions as to the
allocation of seats in the Council of States.
Fifth Schedule contains provisions as to the
Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and
Scheduled Tribes.
Sixth Schedule contains provisions as to the
Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule contains the Union list, State list and
the concurrent list.
Eighth Schedule contains the list of
recognised languages.
Ninth Schedule contains provisions as to validation of
certain Acts and Regulations.

10.
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Tenth Schedule contains provisions as to
disqualification on ground of defection.
Eleventh Schedule (73rd amendment) contains the
powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
Twelfth Schedule (74th amendment) contains the
powers, authority and responsibilities of
Municipalities.
Seventh Schedule
 Gives allocation of powers and functions between
Union & States. It contains 3 lists
1. Union List (For central Govt.) 99 Subjects.
2. States List (Powers of State Govt.) 66 subjects
3. Concurrent List (Both Union & States) 46 subjects.
Eighth Schedule
 List of 22 languages of India recognized by
Constitution
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati,Hindi ,Kannada , Kashmiri,
Manipuri ,Malayalam ,Konkani ,Marathi ,Nepali , Oriya ,
Punjab, Sanskrit ,Sindhi, Tamil ,Telegu ,Urdu, Santhali,
Bodo ,Maithili , Dogri
 Sindhi was added in 1967 by 21 Amendment
 Konkani, Manipuri ad Nepali were added in 1992
by 71 amendment Santhali, Maithili, Bodo and
Dogri were added in 2003 by 92 amendment
CHAIRMEN OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES IN THE
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
Committee Chairman
Committee on the Rules of
Procedure
Rajendra Prasad
Steering Committee Rajendra Prasad
Finance and Staff Committee Rajendra Prasad
Credential Committee Alladi Krishnaswami
Ayyar
House Committee B. Pattabhi
Sitaramayya
Order of Business Committee K.M. Munsi
Ad hoc Committee on the
National Flag
Rajendra Prasad
Committee on the Functions
of the Constituent Assembly
G.V. Mavalankar
States Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
Advisory Committee on
Fundamental Rights,
Minorities and Tribal and
Excluded Areas
Vallabhbhai Patel
Minorities Sub‐Committee H.C. Mookherjee
Fundamental Rights Sub‐
Committee
J.B. Kripalani
North‐East Frontier Tribal
Areas and Assam Exluded &
Partially Excluded Areas Sub‐
Committee
Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially
Excluded Areas (Other than
those in Assam) Sub‐
Committee
A.V. Thakkar
Union Powers Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution
Committee
Jawaharlal Nehru
Drafting Committee B.R. Ambedkar