General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
L#14=narration
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Welcome
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Lecture#14
Topic-Narration
Prepared by:
Md. Masum Bellah Shazib
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Email-shazib773n@gmail.com
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Narration-
Direct narration -He said to me, “I am ill.”
Indirect narration- He told me that he was ill.
Direct narration-
4. Reporting Speech-Reporter
Reported Speech-Information
He said to me, “I am ill.”
Steps of Changing direct to indirect
1. Person change
2. Tense change
3. Some word change
4. Sentence connection
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1. Person Change
Subjective
form
Possessive
form
Objective
form
I Mine Me
We Us Us
You Yours You
He His Him
She Her Her
They Their Them
It Its It
Others-male/female He/she/it Follow up
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1. Person Change
Position of Subject
Sub.+ V+ Ob.
Reported speech-1st person + V+ Ob.
Reporting speech---Sub+ V+ Ob.
RS-Headmaster said, “I am a good Teacher.”
RS-Headmaster said that he was a good teacher.
Reported speech-2nd person + V+ Ob.
Reporting speech---Sub+ V+ Ob.
RS-Headmaster said, “you are a good student.”
RS-Headmaster said that I was a good teacher.
Subject 3rd person-No change
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7. He said to me, “I go to school.” He told me that he went to school.
He said to me, “You go to school.” He told me that I went to school.
He said, “He goes to school.” He told that he went to school.
We=human. No change person in indirect speech.
The teacher said, “We are mortal.”
The teacher said that we are mortal.
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1. Person Change
Direct Narration Indirect Narration
Have any about persons change?
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2. Tense change
Reporting Speech-
verb, past tense-
,
11. ।
Reporting Speech-
verb past tense
Direct-He said to me, “I go to school.”
Indirect-He told me that he went to school.
Reporting Speech-
verb present/Future tense
1. Direct-He says to me, “I go to school.”
Indirect-He tells me that he goes to school.
2. Direct-She will say, “I like you.”
Indirect-She will say that she likes me.
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2. Tense change
Direct Narration Indirect Narration
Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
Present Continues Past Continues
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continues Past Perfect Continues
Past indefinite Past perfect
Past continues Past perfect continues
Must Must/ had to
Shall/will Should/ would
Have to/has to Had to
Be supposed to Was/were supposed to
Would/ could/ might/ used to/
No change
had to/ ought to/ should/ had
better/ modals+have+V-3
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13. No change the tense
Past perfect Past perfect continues
Universal truth/ habitual fact/ geographical fact/ --present
indefinite
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2. Tense change
Have any about tense change?
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3. Few words change
Direct Narration Indirect Narration
Now Then
Ago Before
Today That day
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The previous day
Last night the previous night
Next week the following week
Here There
This That
These Those
Thus that way / so
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3. Few words change
Direct Narration Indirect Narration
Come Go
Hence thence
Hither thither
So that is why
This day that day
Last month the previous month
Last year the previous year
Good morning wish good morning
Next month the flowing month
It that
But express dissatisfaction
The day after in two days time
The day before yesterday two days before
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4. Sentence connection
Types of Sentence
1. Assertive Sentence
2. Interrogative Sentence
3. Imperative Sentence
4. Optative Sentence
5. Exclamatory Sentence
Classify and identify these sentences
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1. Assertive Sentence
Direct Indirect
Said to told
Said said
Says to tells
Say tell
Inverted “-” that
To Change Person
To Change Tense
To change some word
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1. Assertive Sentence
Direct Narration Indirect Narration
She said to me, She told me
She said She said
She says to me She tells
They say They tell
“I am ill.” That
She said, “I am ill.” She said that she was ill.
She said, “I am ill.” She said that she was ill.
She said, “I am ill now.” She said that she was ill then.
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2. Interrogative Sentence
Direct Indirect
Said to Asked
Said asked
Says to asks
Say ask
Inverted “-” If/wh-word
To Change Person
To Change Tense
To change some word
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2. Interrogative Sentence
Direct Narration Indirect Narration
She said to me, She asked me
She said She asked
She says to me She asks
They say They ask
“I am ill.” If/wh-word
She said, “Am I ill?” She asked if she was ill.
She said, “Am I ill?” She asked if she was ill.
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D/Id Start with Verb Start with let
Said/said to According to Meaning Proposed
“__” To/not to That
Persons Yes Yes
Tense No change Should+ V1
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3. Imperative Sentence
Imperative Sentence
1. Verb- Do the work.
2. Let- Let him go there.
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27. Inverted comma to/not to
To Change Person
To change some word
There is no change according to tense
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3. Imperative Sentence
Example:
He said to me, “Do the work.”
He ordered me to do the work.
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29. Said to--Proposed
Inverted comma to/not to
Let---should
To Change Person
To change some word
There is no change according to tense
Imperative sentence-
Sir
33. Example:
Rani said to her friend, “let us have a visit on Saturday.”
Rani proposed to her friend that they should have a visit on Saturday.
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3. Imperative Sentence
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3. Imperative Sentence
If start with would/could
Exam:
He said to me, “would you help me to do the sum.”
He requested me to help to do the sum.
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4. Optative Sentence
Direct Indirect
Said to prayed/wished
Inverted “-” that
To Change Person
To Change Tense
To change some word
Direct Narration Indirect Narration
I said, “May you be happy” I wished that he might be happy.
[If have ‘God’ reported verb change by prayed]
My mother said, “May God bless you.”
My mother prayed that God might bless you.
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5. Exclamatory Sentence
Said to---
Hurrah! What/how---Exclaimed with joy
Alas---exclaimed with sorrow
Excited---exclaimed with surprise.
By Allah/ by God---swearing by Allah
Well done/ bravo---applauded
Poor fellow---pitied
Inverted comma---that
Person change
Tense change
Some word change
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5. Exclamatory Sentence
Examples:
The boy said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”
The boy Exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
He said to me, “Alas! I could not save you.”
He exclaimed with sorrow that he could not save me.
He said, “What a nice bird it is.”
He exclaimed with surprise that it was a very nice bird.
He said, “By God! What a good news.”
He swearing by Allah that it was a very good news.
He said to them, “Well done! You have done well.”
He applauded them saying that they had done well.
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5. Exclamatory Sentence
Good bye/ well come:
Said to Bade/ wished + good by/ good morning
Inverted comma that
He said, “Good by friends.”
He bade his friends’ good bye.
What/ how great/greatly, very, very much
He said to me, “how happy you are!
He said to me that I was very happy.
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44. He said, “I will come.”
He said that he would come.
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R#03
Reported speech-should/would/could/might/use
to/ought to etc. Then No change indirect speech
Nazmul said to me, “you should attend the party.”
Nazmul told me that I should attend the party.
R#04
He said to them, “Friends, help me.”
Addressing them as friend, he requested them to help him.
R#05
Direct narration Sir
Indirect narration respectfully use before object.
He said to his teacher, “Sir solves this problem.”
He requested his teacher respectfully to solve that problem.
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R#06
If started with--by Allah/ by god/ by job/ by my love/ by my life/cte,
in direct narration.
Then with started, Swearing by Allah/ Swearing by god/ Swearing
by job/ Swearing by love cte, in indirect narration.
By Allah, “he replied , I will not fail in exam.”
Swearing by Allah he replied that he would not fail in exam.
R#07
Yes--replied in the affirmative and said that
No--replied in the negative and said that
“Yes I have drawn a picture,” replied Emon.
Emon replied in the affirmative and said that he had drawn a picture.
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R#09
Direct narration--good morning/ good afternoon/ good
evening/ good night
Indirect narration -- ‘wish / wished’ use
I said to him, “good morning.”
I wished him good morning.
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R#08
Direct narration--hello/ hi
Indirect narration --use ‘great’
He said, “hello, Kamrul, whre are you going.”
He greeted Kamrul and asked him where she was going.
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R#10
Direct narration--“If I were you, I should/would….
Indirect narration--S +advice +O+to +V of reported speech
I said to him, “If I were you, I should wait.”
I advised him to wait.
R#11
Thank you
Indirect narration S +thank/thanked +O of reporting speech.
He said to me, “Thank You.”
He thanked me.
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