Bulacan Polytechnic College San Rafael Campus First Semester S.Y. 2017 - 2018 Practical Research 2 Instructor: Ms. Ma. Irene G. Gonzales, LPT To all my TVL 12 and GAS 12 students, here is a copy of my presentation in Variables. You may click the DOWNLOAD button and PRINT the document for your personal copy. Thank you. Reference: Practical Research 2 Esther L. Baraceros Rex Book Store

1. VARIABLES
Ms. Ma. Irene G. Gonzales, LPT

2. VARIABLES
• Root word – “vary” which means to
undergo changes or to differ from
• “changing qualities or characteristics” of
persons or things
– Age, gender, intelligence, ideas,
achievements, confidence, and so on that are
involved in your research study
• Have different or varying values in relation
to time and situation

3. VARIABLES
• For instance, as years go by, your age or
intelligence increases.
• But placed in a situation where you are
afflicted with a disease or have no means
of reading or no access to any sources of
knowledge, your intelligence tend to
decrease.

4. VARIABLES
• In research, especially in quantitative
research, one important thing you have to
focus on at the start of your study is to
determine the variables involved in your
study.

5. BASIC TYPES OF VARIABLES
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
– Cause changes in the subject
• DEPENDENT VARIABLES
– Bear or manifest the effects cause by
independent variables

6. BASIC TYPES OF VARIABLES
• TAKE NOTE!
– In an experimental research, the independent
variable as the condition or treatment applies
to the experimental group is under the
control, direction, or manipulation of the
researcher.

7. EXAMPLES
• To determine the effects of gadgets to the
behavior of children ages 1-3
• To determine the effects of using
technology in the classroom to the
students
• To determine the effects of social media to
the attitude and behavior of the millenials

8. VARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS
• The two variables, independent and
dependent are part and parcel of the
research because the first one is the
cause; the second, the effect that you can
subject to any form of measurement.
• As you carry out your research, it is
possible that one, two, or more variables
or extra variables crop up to create
impact on the relationship between
dependent and independent variables.

9. VARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS
• Extraneous variables like age, gender,
personality traits may suddenly surface to
create effects on the relationships of the
two basic variables.
– Participant variables
• Refer to the mood, emotions, intelligence of the
subject
– Situational variables
• Pertain to the nature of the place: smelly, chilly,
hot, cold, hot, spacious

10. OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES
• Extraneous variables are to be controlled
by the researcher.
• Confounding variables do not give in to
your control and that can strongly
influence your study.
– Gives difficulty in determining the real cause
of changes
– Results in the production of “mixed up,
confusing, or bewildering results”

11. OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES
• Extraneous variables exist as “nuisance
variables” whose potency need to go down
to prevent it from affecting the results
negatively.

12. OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES
1) Constant – do not undergo any changes
during an experiment
2) Attribute – characteristics of people:
intelligence, creativity, anxiety, learning
styles, etc.
3) Covariate – included in the research
study to create interactions with the
independent and dependent variables

13. OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES
4) Continuous – quantitative in nature and is
used in interval or ratio scale of
measurement
5) Dichotomous – has only two possible
results: one or zero
6) Latent – cannot be directly observed like
personality traits
7) Manifest – can be directly observed to
give proofs to latent variables

14. OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES
8) Exogenous – found outside an identified
model
9) Endogenous – found inside; as part of
identified model