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Chapter 10 threads and fasteners - 2010
1.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Chapter 10 Threads and Fasteners Topics Exercises
2.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads & Fasteners: Topics Summary 10.1) Fasteners 10.2) Screw Thread Definitions 10.3) Types of Thread 10.4) Manufacturing Screw Threads 10.5) Drawing Screw Threads 10.6) Unified Threads 10.7) Metric Threads 10.8) Drawing Bolts 10.9) Bolt and Screw Clearances
3.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads & Fasteners: Exercises Exercise 10-1: Screw thread features Exercise 10-2: Unified national thread note components Exercise 10-3: Unified national thread note Exercise 10-4: Metric thread note components Exercise 10-5: Metric thread tables Exercise 10-6: Fastener tables and clearance holes
4.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners Summary
5.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Summary What will we learn in Chapter 10? → How to represent fasteners and threads on an engineering drawing. → How to calculate bolt and screw clearance holes. Key points → Threads are represented by thread symbols, not by a realistic drawing.
6.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners 10.1) Fasteners
7.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Fasteners Fasteners include: → bolts and nuts (threaded) → set screws (threaded) → washers → keys → pins Fasteners are not a permanent means of assembly such as welding or adhesives.
8.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Fasteners Fasteners and threaded features must be specified on your engineering drawing. → Threaded features: Threads are specified in a thread note. → General Fasteners: Purchasing information must be given to allow the fastener to be ordered correctly.
9.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners 10.2) Screw Thread Definitions
10.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Thread Definitions Screw Thread: A ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix.
11.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Thread Definitions External Thread: External threads are on the outside of a member. → A chamfer on the end of the screw thread makes it easier to engage the nut. Chamfer
12.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Thread Definitions External Thread: → An external thread is cut using a die or a lathe.
13.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Thread Definitions Internal Thread: Internal threads are on the inside of a member. → An internal thread is cut using a tap.
14.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Thread Definitions Major DIA (D): The largest diameter (For both internal and external threads). Minor DIA (d): The smallest diameter. Depth of thread: (D-d)/2 Pitch DIA (dP): The diameter at which a line cuts the spaces and threads equally.
15.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-1 Screw thread features
16.
8 Identify the Major,
Minor & Pitch diameters and the Thread Depth. Skip to next part of the exercise 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 9 8
17.
8 Identify the Major,
Minor & Pitch diameters and the Thread Depth. 1 2 3 4 Minorn 10 9 Thread Depth MajornPn
18.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Thread Definitions Crest: The top surface. Root: The bottom Surface. Side: The surface between the crest and root.
19.
Identify the Crest,
Root and Side. Skip to next part of the exercise 1 2 3 4 10 9 8Minorn Thread Depth MajornPn
20.
Identify the Crest,
Root and Side. 1 2 Crest Root 10 Side 8Minorn Thread Depth MajornPn
21.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Thread Definitions Pitch (P): The distance from a point on a screw thread to a corresponding point on the next thread (in/Threads). Angle of Thread (A): The angle between the threads.
22.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Thread Definitions Screw Axis: The longitudinal centerline. Lead: The distance a screw thread advances axially in one turn.
23.
Identify the Pitch,
Screw Axis and Thread Angle. 1 2 10 Crest Root Side 8Minorn Thread Depth MajornPn
24.
Identify the Pitch,
Screw Axis and Thread Angle. Axis Pitch Angle Crest Root Side 8Minorn Thread Depth MajornPn
25.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Thread Definitions Right Handed Thread: Advances when turned CW. (Threads are assumed RH unless specified otherwise.) Left Handed Thread: Advances when turned CCW.
26.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Application Question 10-1 Name an example of a left handed thread. Left peddle of a bike
27.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners 10.3) Types of Thread
28.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Types of Thread There are many different types of thread forms (shape) available. The most common are; → Unified → Metric
29.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Types of Thread Thread form choice depends on; → what it will be used for → length of engagement → load → etc…
30.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Types of Thread (Form) Thread Name Figure Uses Unified screw thread General use. ISO metric screw thread General use. Square Ideal thread for power transmission.
31.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Types of Thread (Form) Thread Name Figure Uses ACME Stronger than square thread. Buttress Designed to handle heavy forces in one direction. (Truck jack)
32.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners 10.4) Manufacturing Screw Threads
33.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Manufacturing Threads Internal Threads → First a tap drill hole is cut with a twist drill. The tap drill hole is a little bigger than the minor diameter. Why?
34.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Manufacturing Threads Internal Threads →Then the threads are cut using a tap. The tap drill hole is longer than the length of the threads. Why? Incomplete threads
35.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Manufacturing Threads Internal Threads →Chamfers are sometimes cut to allow for easy engagement.
36.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Manufacturing Threads External Threads →You start with a shaft the same size as the major diameter.
37.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Manufacturing Threads External Threads →The threads are then cut using a die or on a lathe.
38.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners 10.5) Drawing Screw Threads
39.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Drawing Screw Threads There are three methods of representing screw threads on a drawing. → Detailed → Schematic → Simplified Screw thread representation present in this chapter is in accordance with the ASME Y14.6-2001 standard.
40.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Detailed Representation A detailed representation is a close approximation of the appearance of an actual screw thread.
41.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Detailed Representation Pros and Cons? Pro: Looks good and clearly represents a thread. Con: Takes a long time to draw.
42.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Schematic Representation The schematic representation uses staggered lines to represent the thread roots and crests.
43.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Schematic Representation Pros and Cons? Pro: Nearly as effective as the detailed representation and easier to draw. Con: Still takes some time to draw.
44.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Schematic Representation Rules of use for Schematic threads →Should not be used for hidden internal threads or sections of external threads.
45.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Simplified Representation The simplified representation uses visible and hidden lines to represent the major and minor diameters.
46.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Simplified Representation Pros and Cons? Pro: Simple and fast to draw. Con: Doesn’t look like a thread.
47.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Simplified Internal Threads
48.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Simplified Internal Threads
49.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Drawing Screw Threads Thread tables in the appendix can be used to look up value for the; → Pitch → Minor diameter → Tap drill diameter If screw thread tables are not available, the minor diameter can be approximated as 75% of the major diameter.
50.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners 10.6) Unified Threads
51.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Unified Threads (inch) After drawing a thread, we need to identify the size and thread form in a thread note. Thread Note
52.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Unified Thread Note Components
53.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Unified Threads (inch) Major Diameter: The largest diameter. Threads per inch: Number of threads per inch for a particular diameter. → Equal to one over the pitch (1/P).
54.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Unified Threads (inch) Thread Form and Series: The shape of the thread cut. → UNC = Unified National coarse. • For general use. → UNF = Unified National fine. • Used when high degree of tightness is required. → UNEF = Unified National extra fine. • Used when length of engagement is limited (Example: Sheet metal).
55.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Unified Threads (inch) Thread Class: Closeness of fit between the two mating threaded parts. → 1 = Generous tolerance. For rapid assembly and disassembly. → 2 = Normal production → 3 = High accuracy
56.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Unified Threads (inch) External or Internal Threads → A = External threads → B = Internal threads Right handed or left handed thread → RH = Right handed (right handed threads are assumed if not stated.) → LH = Left handed
57.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Unified Threads (inch) Depth of thread: The thread depth is given at the end of the thread note and indicates the thread depth for internal threads → This is not the tap drill depth.
58.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Unified Threads (inch) Thread class is assumed to be 2. Threads are assumed to be RH. May be left off if assumptions hold.
59.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-2 Unified National thread note components
60.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-2 Identify the different components of the following Unified National thread note. 1/4 – 20 UNC – 2A – RH 1/4 20 UNC 2 A RH .25 inch Major DIA 20 threads per inch (P = 1/20 = .05) Thread form & series – UN Coarse Thread Class – Normal Production External Threads Right Handed Threads
61.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Unified National Thread Tables Standard screw thread tables are available in order to look up the: → Major diameter → Threads per inch → Minor diameter or Tap drill size. Thread tables are located in Appendix B.
62.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-3 Unified National thread note
63.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-3 Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread. (See Appendix B)
64.
65.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-3 Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread. (See Appendix B) 10 – 32 UNF
66.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-3 Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread. (See Appendix B) → Is the major diameter 10 inches? No 10 – 32 UNF
67.
68.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-3 Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread. (See Appendix B) → Is the major diameter 10 inches? 0.190 10 – 32 UNF
69.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-3 Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread. (See Appendix B) → What is the minor diameter? 10 – 32 UNF
70.
71.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-3 Write the thread note for a #10 fine thread. (See Appendix B) → What is the minor diameter? 10 – 32 UNF D – 1.0825P = 0.190 – 1.0825/32 = 0.156
72.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners 10.7) Metric Threads
73.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Threads The metric thread note can contain a pitch diameter tolerance. What is the pitch diameter? Let’s see.
74.
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K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Pitch Diameter The pitch diameter cuts the threads at a point where the distance of the spaces equal the distance of the threads.
75.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Thread Note Components
76.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Thread Note Components
77.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Threads Metric Form: Placing an M before the major diameter indicates the metric thread form.
78.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Threads Major Diameter: The largest diameter Pitch: (P) Millimeters per thread.
79.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Threads Tolerance Class: It describes the looseness or tightness of fit between the internal and external threads.Number = Tolerance grade Letter = Tolerance position
80.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Threads Tolerance Class: → Tolerance Grade: Smaller numbers indicate a tighter fit. → Tolerance Position: Specifies the amount of allowance. • Upper case letters = internal threads • Lower case letters = external threads.
81.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Threads Tolerance Class: Two classes of metric thread fits are generally used. → 6H/6g = General purpose → 6H/5g6g = Closer fit. → A tolerance class of 6H/6g is assumed if it is not specified.
82.
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K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Threads Right handed or Left handed thread: → RH = Right handed (right handed threads are assumed if not stated.) → LH = Left handed
83.
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K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Threads Depth of thread: It indicates the thread depth for internal threads, not the tap drill depth.
84.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Thread Note A tolerance class of 6H/6g is assumed. Threads are assumed to be RH. May be left off if assumptions hold.
85.
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K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-4 Metric thread note components
86.
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K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-4 Identify the different components of the following metric thread notes. M10 x 1.5 – 4h6h – RH M 10 1.5 4h 6h Int. or Ext. RH Metric Form 10 mm Major DIA Pitch – mm/threads Pitch DIA tolerance Minor DIA tolerance External Right handed threads
87.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Metric Thread Tables Standard screw thread tables are available in order to look up the; → Major diameter → Pitch → Tap drill size or Minor diameter Thread tables are located in Appendix B.
88.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-5 Metric thread tables
89.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-5 For a n16 internal metric thread, what are the; → two available pitches, → the tap drill diameter, → and the corresponding minor diameter for the mating external threads.
90.
Find this page.
91.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-5 For a n16 internal metric thread. Pitch Tap drill DIA Minor DIA (External) 2 1.5 14 14.5 13.6 14.2
92.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-5 For a n16 internal metric thread. Which has the finer thread? → Pitch = 2 → Pitch = 1.5
93.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-5 Write the thread note for a 16 mm diameter coarse thread. M16 x 2
94.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners 10.8) Drawing Bolts
95.
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K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Drawing Bolts D represents the major diameter. Nuts are drawn in a similar fashion.
96.
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K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners 10.9) Bolt and Screw Clearances
97.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Bolt and Screw Clearances Bolts and screws attach one material with a clearance hole to another material with a threaded hole.
98.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Bolt and Screw Clearances The size of the clearance hole depends on; → the major diameter of the fastener → and the type of fit • normal • close • loose
99.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Table 10-2 (Normal fit clearances) Other fits may be found in Appendix B.
100.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Bolt and Screw Clearances Sometimes bolt or screw heads need to be flush with the surface. This can be achieved by using either a counterbore or countersink depending on the fasteners head shape.
101.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Bolt and Screw Clearances Counterbores: Counterbores are holes designed to recess bolt or screw heads below the surface of a part. Typically, CH = H + 1/16 (1.5 mm) and C1 = D1 + 1/8 (3 mm)
102.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Bolt and Screw Clearances Countersink: Countersinks are angled holes that are designed to recess screws with angled heads. Typically, C1 = D1 + 1/8 (3 mm) Appendix B gives other counterbore, countersink and shaft clearance holes.
103.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 Fastener tables and clearance holes
104.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 What is the normal fit clearance hole diameter for the following nominal bolt sizes. Nominal size Clearance hole 1/4 3/4 9/32 13/16
105.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 A 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw needs to go through a piece of metal in order to screw into a plate below. The head of the screw should be flush with the surface.
106.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B. Head diameter Height of head Normal clearance hole dia. C’Bore dia. C’Bore depth
107.
D = 5/16
108.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B. Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=0.469 Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16 Normal clearance hole dia. C’Bore dia. C’Bore depth
109.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B. Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469 Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16 Normal clearance hole dia. C’Bore dia. C’Bore depth
110.
111.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B. Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469 Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16 Normal clearance hole dia. C = D + 1/32 = 11/32 C’Bore dia. B = 17/32 C’Bore depth
112.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B. Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469 Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16 Normal clearance hole dia. C = D + 1/32 = 11/32 C’Bore dia. B = 17/32 C’Bore depth
113.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 5/16 - 18 UNC – Socket Head Cap Screw Fill in the following table. Refer to Appendix B. Max. Head diameter A = 1.5(5/16)=.469 Max. Height of head H = D = 5/16 Normal clearance hole dia. C = D + 1/32 = 11/32 C’Bore dia. B = 17/32 C’Bore depth >H (H+1/16 = 3/8)
114.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 An M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap Screw needs to go through a piece of metal in order to screw into a plate below. The clearance hole needs to be close and the head needs to be flush with the surface. What should the countersink diameter and clearance hole diameter be?
115.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap Screw Major dia. Head dia. C’Sink dia. Close clearance hole dia.
116.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap Screw Major dia. 8 Head dia. C’Sink dia. Close clearance hole dia.
117.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap Screw Major dia. 8 Head dia. C’Sink dia. Close clearance hole dia.
118.
119.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap Screw Major dia. 8 Head dia. A = 17.92 C’Sink dia. Close clearance hole dia.
120.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap Screw Major dia. 8 Head dia. A = 17.92 C’Sink dia. Close clearance hole dia.
121.
122.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap Screw Major dia. 8 Head dia. A = 17.92 C’Sink dia. Y = 17.92 Close clearance hole dia. Or, Y = A + 3 = 20
123.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap Screw Major dia. 8 Head dia. A = 17.92 C’Sink dia. Y = 17.92 Close clearance hole dia. Or, Y = A + 3 = 20
124.
125.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Exercise 10-6 M8x1.25 Flat Countersunk Head Metric Cap Screw Major dia. 8 Head dia. A = 17.92 C’Sink dia. Y = 17.92 Close clearance hole dia. 8.4 Or, Y = A + 3 = 20
126.
Copyright ©2009 by
K. Plantenberg Restricted use only Threads and Fasteners The End
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